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How are retroflex consonants produced in Hmongic languages?
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Hmong-Mien languages
Distribution of Hmong-Mien language family in China and Southeast Asia.
In Hmongic languages, retroflex consonants are produced by curling the tip of the tongue backward to make contact with the gum ridge located behind the upper teeth. This articulation distinguishes them from other consonant series found in these languages, such as labial, dental/alveolar, and velar consonants.1