How are other Hindi tenses formed besides the present and future indicative?

In Hindi, the verbal system is characterized by a reliance on participles rather than extensive inflection for most tenses. While the present and future indicative forms are fully conjugated, other tenses are formed by combining perfective or imperfective participles with auxiliary verbs.1

These participles function as the core of the verb phrase and often agree in gender and number with the subject or object, depending on the construction. For example, in the past tense, the verb may function as a past passive participle that agrees with the object, while the subject is marked with an instrumental ending. This reliance on participles and auxiliary verbs represents a simplification of the verbal inflection found in the language's precursors, such as Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Apabhramsha.21