How are fruit trees propagated by grafting or budding?

In fruit farming, grafting and budding are essential vegetative propagation methods used to join plant parts so they grow as a single organism.12

The Grafting Process

Grafting involves joining a scion (the desired variety) to a rootstock (the base that provides the root system). The process relies on matching the cambium layers—the actively dividing cells beneath the bark—of both parts. When these tissues are held in intimate contact, they produce callus tissue that interlocks to form a continuous, living connection. Larger scions may be inserted into vertical slits made in the trunk of the stock.12

The Budding Process

Budding is a specialized form of grafting where the scion consists of only a single bud. To perform this, a segment of bark is lifted from the stock, often using a T-shaped incision. The bud is inserted under the bark and tied securely to ensure the cambium layers remain in contact until the union heals.12

Success in both methods depends on botanical compatibility, a snug fit, and favorable temperatures to stimulate callus formation.12