Why was the term civil engineering used to distinguish public works from military engineering?

The term "civil engineering" was adopted in the 18th century to distinguish the profession from military engineering, which had been the preeminent form of engineering until that time.1

While military engineering—the oldest of the engineering disciplines—focused on the design and construction of military works, fortifications, and transport for tactical or strategic purposes, the new designation of "civil engineer" identified those who applied engineering expertise to peaceful, nonmilitary activities. This shift recognized a growing professional focus on designing and executing structural works intended to serve the general public, such as bridges, canals, highways, and dams.12

As the field evolved, the transition was marked by a move away from experience-based rules of thumb toward the codification of expert knowledge, including the mechanics of materials and hydraulics. John Smeaton is credited as the first person to formally use the title of civil engineer to describe this distinct, nonmilitary practice.3