Why do lithium-ion batteries need precise controls for charging and discharging?

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Cross-section diagram of an alkaline-manganese dioxide battery showing labeled internal components, including the steel-plated covers, cathode, anode gel, current collector, separator, steel can, and brass rivet. — battery Cutaway view of an alkaline–manganese dioxide power cell.

Lithium batteries require precise controls during charging and discharging primarily due to the high chemical activity of lithium and the risks associated with heat generation.1

During these processes, the temperature of the cell can rise significantly. If the temperature reaches a critical point, the internal battery ingredients may combine spontaneously, leading to a phenomenon known as "thermal runaway," which can cause the cell to smoke or catch fire.1

Because of this sensitivity to heat, manufacturers and engineers must implement specialized construction techniques and control measures to minimize the risk of such dangerous reactions. Ensuring that these batteries operate within safe thermal limits is an essential ethical and safety priority to prevent equipment failure and protect users from potential hazards.1