Why do fuel cell systems need sensors and controls?
The proton exchange membrane is one of the most advanced fuel cell designs. Hydrogen gas under pressure is forced through a catalyst, typically made of platinum, on the anode (negative) side of the fuel cell. At this catalyst, electrons are stripped from the hydrogen atoms and carried by an external electric circuit to the cathode (positive) side. The positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) then pass through the proton exchange membrane to the catalyst on the cathode side, where they react with oxygen and the electrons from the electric circuit to form water vapour (H2O) and heat. The electric circuit is used to do work, such as power a motor.
Fuel cell systems require sensors and controls to maintain stable, efficient, and safe operation. Because a fuel cell is a complex electrochemical system, these components are essential for monitoring and adjusting several critical operational parameters.12
Specifically, sensors and controls are used to manage:
* Operational Stability: They regulate fuel rates, electric current loads, and the pressures of gases and liquids within the system.1
* Temperature Regulation: Fuel cell performance and component longevity are highly dependent on temperature. Controls ensure the system stays within its specific design range, as temperatures that are too low reduce chemical activity, while excessively high temperatures can degrade electrodes, sensors, and other materials.2
* Safety: Precise pressure control is vital to prevent fuel from breaking through to the electrolyte side, which could lead to dangerous gas or vapor accumulation and potential explosions.1
Ultimately, these support systems are necessary to ensure the fuel cell functions reliably, as the operating capability and service life of these components directly impact the overall performance and durability of the fuel cell.12