Why can nickel-containing steel be used at very low temperatures?

Nickel-containing steel is suitable for use at very low temperatures primarily because nickel enhances the toughness of the material. While nickel is widely recognized for its ability to withstand a broad range of temperatures, its specific contribution to low-temperature performance is tied to its role in maintaining structural integrity and ductility.12

In the context of industrial applications, such as the handling of liquefied gases, steels containing approximately 9 percent nickel or higher are specifically utilized for their ability to remain reliable in ultralow-temperature environments. Furthermore, nickel is a strong austenizer, which helps stabilize the austenitic microstructure in stainless steels. This austenitic structure, characterized by face-centered cubic crystals, is essential for providing the necessary mechanical properties required for service in extreme conditions.123