Which tools did ancient Egyptians use to measure land?

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surveying Figure 1: Photogrammetric photographs from two short, overlapping flight strips arranged for supplying mapping details. Photo-control points are shown on only one photograph; shading indicates a typical terrain feature such as a lake (see text).

Ancient Egyptians utilized several simple yet effective tools to measure land and achieve remarkable architectural precision, such as that seen in the Great Pyramid of Khufu.1

Their primary tools included:

Marked Cords: Evidence from tomb paintings at Thebes depicts surveyors using ropes with knots or marks at uniform intervals to measure distances across grainfields.1
Wooden Rods: In addition to cords, there is evidence that wooden rods were employed for distance measurement.1
A-Frame Level: To determine horizontal levels, they used a vertical wooden A-frame equipped with a plumb bob. By marking the position of the plumb bob's cord on a horizontal bar and reversing the device, they could calibrate the tool to establish a level line.1

These instruments allowed Egyptian surveyors to accurately measure land areas and restore property boundaries that were often obscured by the annual flooding of the Nile.1