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Which metals are commonly found in hexagonal ferrites?

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In the study of magnetic ceramics, hexagonal ferrites are characterized by the general chemical formula M(Fe12O19). In this structure, the metal (M) is commonly one of the following elements:

  • Barium (Ba)1
  • Strontium (Sr)1
  • Lead (Pb)1

These materials are classified as "hard" magnetic ceramics because their hexagonal crystal structure possesses a unique axis of magnetization that cannot be easily changed.1