What materials have been used most often to build bridges?

Throughout history, the four primary materials used in bridge engineering have been wood, stone, iron, and concrete.1

• Wood: Historically valued for its availability and low cost, wood is relatively weak in both tension and compression. It has been used extensively for smaller structures, such as footbridges, and remains in use today through modern laminated beams and arches.2
• Stone: Known for its strength in compression but weakness in tension, stone has been a traditional choice for arches, piers, and abutments.2
• Iron and Steel: The introduction of iron during the Industrial Revolution transformed bridge design. While early bridges utilized cast iron and wrought iron, steel eventually became the superior choice due to its exceptional strength in both tension and compression.34
• Concrete: Following the invention of portland cement, concrete became an economical alternative to stone. Modern engineering relies heavily on reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete, both of which incorporate steel to enhance structural performance.51

Today, modern bridges are built almost exclusively using steel, reinforced concrete, and prestressed concrete.1