What materials can be used for piles in a jetty?

In the context of civil engineering for harbors and sea works, piles used for a jetty are typically constructed from three primary materials:

• Timber: A popular choice where there is a large natural supply. While timber is easily worked and allows for straightforward repairs, its primary drawback is a lack of durability, particularly in the zone between wind and water. Its lifespan can be extended by keeping it continually submerged, though it may be susceptible to marine borers in warmer waters.1
• Reinforced Concrete: These piles are noted for their great durability when soundly constructed. However, they are generally more complex to brace and maintain than timber alternatives.1
• Steel: Steel piles are highly effective and can even penetrate some friable rocks that are otherwise unsuitable for other pile types. While they are subject to corrosion in salt water, their durability can be significantly enhanced through cathodic protection, which prevents the electrochemical deterioration of the metal.12

These materials are standard in modern civil engineering for providing stable foundations in various soil conditions.3