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What materials are added to lead concentrate as fluxes?

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Metallurgy — lead processing A zinc-lead blast furnace and lead-splash condenser. This technology is utilized mainly for producing zinc while managing both lead and zinc from raw materials, a technique that was highly influential in 20th-century smelting.

In the context of lead processing, various fluxing materials are added to the ore concentrate before it is roasted and charged into a blast furnace. Common materials used as fluxes include limestone and iron ore.1

These fluxes are essential for the smelting process, as they combine with nonmetallic wastes to form a slag, which allows for the efficient separation of the molten metal from impurities.1