What features of modern gas-turbine engines were included in F. Stolze’s fire turbine?

F. Stolze’s 1872 "fire turbine" design anticipated nearly every feature found in a modern gas-turbine engine. His machine incorporated the following key components and configurations:

• Multistage, axial-flow air compressor: This was mounted on the same shaft as the turbine, a fundamental arrangement in modern engines.1
• Multistage, reaction turbine: This component was integrated into the same shaft system as the compressor.1
• Heat exchanger: Stolze’s design utilized a heat exchanger to preheat compressed air using the turbine's exhaust gases before the air entered the combustion chamber.1
• Separately fired combustion chamber: The system included a dedicated chamber for combustion, completing the cycle of a self-contained prime mover.1

While Stolze’s design successfully identified these essential features, the machine was ultimately unable to sustain operation. This was due to the limited turbine-inlet temperatures possible at the time and the insufficient efficiencies of the compressor and turbine components available in the 19th century.1