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What are the two main functions of surveying in civil engineering?

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surveying Figure 1: Photogrammetric photographs from two short, overlapping flight strips arranged for supplying mapping details. Photo-control points are shown on only one photograph; shading indicates a typical terrain feature such as a lake (see text).

In civil engineering, surveying serves two primary, complementary functions:1

Determination of existing positions: This involves measuring and interpreting data to establish the relative horizontal and vertical positions of features, such as in the process of mapping.1
Establishment of control marks: This involves setting marks to control construction projects or to clearly indicate land boundaries.1

These functions are essential for the planning and execution of nearly all forms of construction, ensuring that projects are accurately positioned and aligned according to specific requirements.1