What are the main parts of a magnetohydrodynamic generator?

A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator does not rely on rotating mechanical parts like a conventional turbine; instead, it converts the kinetic energy of a high-speed, electrically conducting fluid directly into electric power.1

The main components of an MHD generator include:

• Nozzle: Accelerates the hot, ionized gas (or plasma) to high velocities, typically between 1,000 and 2,000 metres per second.2
• Channel (or Duct): The chamber through which the accelerated gas flows.2
• Magnet System: A powerful magnetic field—often generated by a superconducting magnet—is applied across the channel to interact with the moving, conductive gas.2
• Electrodes: Located on the walls of the channel parallel to the magnetic field, these collect the electric current induced by the gas flow and deliver it to an external electric circuit.2
• Insulators: The remaining walls of the channel are constructed from electric insulators to maintain the integrity of the internal fields.2

To ensure the gas is sufficiently conductive, a "seed" material—a readily ionizable alkali such as potassium or cesium—is often injected into the flow.2