How were abrasives used by early humans to shape tools and weapons?

Early humans utilized abrasives as a fundamental method for refining tools and weapons, a practice dating back to the earliest stages of human history.1

During the Neolithic Period, this process became a defining technological advancement. After initially shaping stone implements—such as axes and chisels—through chipping or flaking, early craftspeople used coarse abrasive rocks to grind away the rough chip scars from the surface or the working edge. This grinding process was followed by polishing, which involved a final treatment with fine abrasives.2

These techniques provided several critical advantages:
* Enhanced Performance: The resulting tools featured keener, more uniform cutting edges that were stronger and more shock-resistant than flaked edges.32
* Improved Utility: Smooth sides allowed for deeper penetration during use and prevented the tool from wedging in a cut, making tasks like felling trees and working timber significantly more efficient.32

Beyond stone, early humans also used materials like sand and flexible hide as primitive forms of sandpaper to refine their work.1