How is vanadium extracted from titaniferous magnetite ore?

To extract vanadium from titaniferous magnetite ore, the ore is first partially reduced with coal in rotary kilns and subsequently melted in a furnace. This process separates the material into two components: a slag containing most of the titanium and a pig iron that retains the majority of the vanadium.1

Once the slag is removed, the molten pig iron is subjected to an oxygen blow. This step creates a new slag enriched with 12–24 percent vanadium pentoxide ($V_2{O}_5$), which serves as the primary material for further refining into vanadium metal.1