How efficient were thermoelectric generators by the late 1980s?

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thermoelectric power generator Components of a thermoelectric generator.

By the late 1980s, the conversion efficiency of thermoelectric power generators had reached approximately 10 percent.1

While significant research and development occurred after 1950, improvements in efficiency remained relatively modest during this period. Achieving performance levels significantly beyond this 10 percent threshold has historically required the development of superior thermoelectric materials.1