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How does fixed automation differ from programmable automation?

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Jacquard loom engraving, 1874 — automation At the top of the machine is a stack of punched cards that would be fed into the loom to control the weaving pattern. This method of automatically issuing machine instructions was employed by computers well into the 20th century.

Fixed automation and programmable automation differ primarily in their flexibility, production volume, and how they are configured for operation.

Fixed Automation

Also known as "hard automation," this type features a sequence of operations fixed by the equipment's physical configuration, such as cams, gears, and wiring. Because these hardware components are not easily changed, it is designed for high-volume production of a single product style. While it requires a high initial investment, it offers high production rates and is commonly used in automotive transfer lines and automatic assembly machines.12

Programmable Automation

This form is designed for producing products in batches, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units. Unlike fixed automation, the equipment can be reprogrammed and changed over to accommodate different product styles. This process involves nonproductive time during the changeover, resulting in generally lower production rates compared to fixed systems. Examples include numerical-control machine tools and industrial robots, which are controlled by computer programs stored in computer memory.1