How do point-to-point numerical control systems differ from continuous-path systems?

In the context of machine tools, numerical control (NC) systems are categorized into two primary types based on how they manage tool movement:

• Point-to-point systems: These are designed to perform a series of motions with fixed starting and stopping points. They are typically used for operations such as hole-machining and straight-line milling. Because these systems are relatively simple, they generally do not require the assistance of a computer for programming.12
• Continuous-path systems: These systems are used for complex contouring operations, such as those performed by lathes, milling machines, and flame-cutting machines. Unlike point-to-point systems, continuous-path systems possess sufficient memory to remain aware of previous actions and their results, allowing the machine to act in accordance with that information. Due to the complexity of these movements, program preparation for continuous-path machines usually requires the aid of a computer.21

While early NC systems relied on hardware-based logic, modern computer numerical control (CNC) allows these movements to be managed through software, making the machines more versatile and easier to adapt to different tasks.3