How do machine tools shape metal parts by removing chips?

Machine tools shape metal parts by removing excess material in the form of chips through a process known as machining. This is achieved by using stationary, power-driven equipment that exerts heavy cutting forces to achieve precise dimensions and tolerances.1

Common machine tools that utilize this chip-removal process include:

• Lathes: Rotate the workpiece against a cutting tool.
• Milling machines: Use rotating cutters to remove material from a stationary workpiece.
• Drilling machines: Create holes by rotating a cutting tool against the material.
• Shapers and planers: Use reciprocating motion to shave material from the surface of a part.
• Power saws: Utilize blades or teeth to cut through material, often through true cutting or grinding actions.12

These machines combine significant weight and rigidity to maintain delicate accuracy, often reaching tolerances within one ten-thousandth of an inch. While some processes like friction sawing remove metal through heat-induced melting, traditional chip removal relies on the mechanical action of the tool engaging with the workpiece to shear away excess material.12