How do hydroelectric dams use falling water to operate generators?

Hydroelectric dams generate electricity by converting the potential energy of stored water into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy.1

The process functions as follows:

• Collection: Water is stored at a high elevation behind a dam, creating a difference in elevation known as the head.1
• Conveyance: The water is directed downward through large pipes or tunnels called penstocks.21
• Turbine Rotation: As the water reaches the bottom, its pressure and flow cause turbines to rotate. In some systems, the water is discharged through a nozzle to create a high-velocity jet that strikes the turbine blades.213
• Generation: The rotating turbines drive electric generators, which convert the mechanical energy into electricity.1
• Transmission: Transformers then increase the voltage for efficient long-distance transmission.1

This process is a clean, renewable method of power generation, though it can significantly disrupt local ecosystems and is dependent on consistent water availability.21