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How did military aircraft change between 1918 and 1939?

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military aircraft Tupolev Tu-22M, a Russian variable-wing supersonic jet bomber first flown in 1969. It was designed for potential use in war against the NATO countries, where it was known by the designation “Backfire.”

Between 1918 and 1939, military aviation underwent a complete transformation, evolving from the fragile designs of World War I into the sophisticated machines that defined the start of World War II.1

In 1918, combat aircraft were typically fabric-covered, externally braced biplanes with open cockpits, fixed landing gear, and engines rarely exceeding 250 horsepower. By 1939, the standard shifted to all-metal monoplanes featuring retractable landing gear and enclosed cockpits.1

Technological advancements drove this progress, particularly after 1930:
* Performance: Engines reached 1,000 horsepower or more, and supercharging allowed for flight at altitudes above 9,000 metres. Fighter speeds increased from roughly 200 km/h to over 560 km/h.1
* Equipment: Pilots gained access to oxygen, voice radio for communication, and standard-issue parachutes. Gyroscopic instruments and electrical lighting enabled night and all-weather operations.1
* Structural Design: The industry moved from wood to metal frames to support more powerful engines and improve durability. Research into airfoil technology and drag reduction further optimized performance.1