How did medieval folding chairs work?

During the Middle Ages, furniture was often scarce and had to be easily transportable, as noblemen frequently moved their belongings between dwellings. Consequently, folding chairs and stools were common, practical solutions for seating.1

These folding chairs typically featured an X-shaped frame constructed from wood or metal. The seat and back were composed of rectangular strips of strong fabric or leather stretched between the frame members. A specific type of folding stool, known as a faldstool, consisted of two pairs of crossed legs that pivoted at the intersection. Each pair of legs was joined by stretchers near the ground, while a flexible seat—often made of fabric—was attached at the top. Because the faldstool lacked a back, it was versatile enough to be used for both sitting and kneeling.12

This design allowed the furniture to be collapsed for transport, reflecting the necessity of mobility in medieval life. While these pieces were functional, the use of a chair during this period often served as a symbol of authority or honor, and such items were typically reserved for the nobility or distinguished guests.1