How did furniture makers divide work among cabinetmakers, turners, carvers, and upholsterers?

As the furniture industry grew in sophistication during the 17th and 18th centuries, the production process shifted from general carpentry to a specialized division of labour involving distinct trades.1

The division of work among these craftsmen was generally organized as follows:

• Cabinetmakers: They acted as the primary assemblers of the furniture. While they were responsible for laying veneers and marquetry, they typically did not cut the veneer or marquetry themselves.1
• Turners: Turnery became a separate trade. Turners produced specific components, such as legs or decorative elements, which were then handed over to the cabinetmaker for assembly.1
• Carvers: Carving required specialized tools and expertise. Consequently, it was performed by dedicated craftsmen who focused exclusively on this task rather than general construction.1
• Upholsterers: This specialist performed their work only after the chairmaker had completed the structural frame of the piece.1

Additionally, finishing work—such as the French polishing that became standard in the 19th century—was rarely performed by the cabinetmaker, indicating a further separation of labor within the workshop.1