How did Romans manufacture terra-cotta lamps using molds?

The Romans revolutionized the production of terra-cotta lamps by implementing a systematic manufacturing process that utilized two separate molds.1

To create these lamps, potters would form the two distinct halves of the lamp—typically the top and the bottom—using these molds. Once the individual sections were prepared, they were joined together to form the complete vessel. This method allowed for efficient, standardized production, which was a significant departure from earlier, more labor-intensive techniques. These lamps were commonly made from buff or dark gray clay and often featured impressed or molded designs on their surfaces.12