How can ozone ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide be used to disinfect water?

In water supply systems, ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and hydrogen peroxide serve as alternatives to chlorine for disinfection, the final stage of water purification where harmful microbes like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa are eliminated.1

• Ozone: Because it is unstable, ozone must be generated on-site. It effectively disinfects water without creating taste or odor issues. However, it leaves no residual in the water, which complicates monitoring its ongoing effectiveness as water travels through distribution systems.2
• Ultraviolet Radiation: This method destroys pathogens without the need to handle chemicals. Like ozone, it does not cause taste or odor problems and leaves no residual. Its application is generally more expensive than chlorine or ozone, making it a less common competitor in large-scale treatment.3
• Hydrogen Peroxide: Used as a disinfectant in dilute solutions, hydrogen peroxide acts as a strong oxidizing agent. It is employed in various industrial and purification contexts to neutralize contaminants.4