How are printed and embossed effects added to vinyl floor sheets?

In the manufacturing of vinyl floor sheets, printed and embossed effects are achieved through specific industrial processes:

• Printing: For many laminated sheets, patterns are applied using rotogravure printing with vinyl inks. These designs are typically protected by a top layer of transparent vinyl.1
• Embossing: This technique creates raised or depressed patterns on the surface. In general applications, this is achieved by using engraved cylinders that press against the material. In the context of vinyl flooring, embossing creates depressions in the surface; a second color can then be added into these areas to produce an inlaid visual effect.21
• Three-dimensional effects: Beyond standard printing and embossing, some backed vinyl sheets incorporate colored chips beneath a final clear coating, which creates a sense of depth and a three-dimensional appearance.1