How are n-type and p-type semiconductors different?

In electronics, n-type and p-type semiconductors are created through a process called doping, where specific impurities are added to a semiconductor crystal to modify its electrical conductivity.12

n-type Semiconductors

n-type (negative) semiconductors are produced by adding "donor" atoms that have five valence electrons, such as phosphorus or arsenic. When these atoms replace host atoms in the crystal lattice, four electrons form covalent bonds, leaving the fifth electron free to participate in electrical conduction. Consequently, electrons are the majority charge carriers, while holes are the minority carriers.1234

p-type Semiconductors

p-type (positive) semiconductors are created using "acceptor" atoms with only three valence electrons, such as boron or indium. These atoms create a deficiency in the bonding arrangement, resulting in a positively charged site known as a hole. In these materials, holes are the majority charge carriers, and electrons are the minority carriers.12534

These two types are fundamental to modern electronics, as their combination forms p-n junctions, which are essential for the operation of diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.45