How are centrifuges used to simulate the strong gravitational forces experienced by astronauts?

Centrifuges are used in astronaut training to simulate the high-acceleration environments encountered during space missions. By rotating at high speeds, these machines generate a sustained centrifugal force that acts upon the astronaut, effectively substituting a force similar to, but often much stronger than, normal gravity.21

This force is expressed as a multiple of g, the symbol for normal gravitational acceleration. During training, the centrifuge generates forces equal to several times the force of gravity, allowing astronauts to acclimate to the physical stresses they will experience during actual spaceflight. The intensity of this force can be precisely controlled by adjusting the angular velocity of the rotation or the radius of the path through which the astronaut moves.213