John D. Rockefeller’s Achievements

In the 1860s John D. Rockefeller took note of the expansion of oil production in western Pennsylvania and built an oil refinery near Cleveland, Ohio, in 1863. He quickly found success as it became the largest refinery in the area, and Rockefeller stayed in the oil business the rest of his life. With a group of associates that included financier Henry M. Flagler, Rockefeller incorporated the Standard Oil Company (Ohio). Rockefeller demonstrated great skill at running a company, and Standard Oil started to buy out all its competitors, soon controlling nearly all the refineries in Cleveland. Because of this monopoly, the company was able to negotiate with railroads when paying to ship oil. As profits grew the company was able to acquire oil pipelines and other facilities and purchase competitors in other cities.

In 1881 Rockefeller and his associates placed the stock of Standard of Ohio and affiliates in other states under the control of a board of nine trustees, with Rockefeller at the head. This was the first major U.S. “trust,” setting a pattern of organization for monopolies in the American economy. Within a year Standard Oil had a near monopoly on the American oil industry. Public sentiment started to turn against monopolies, leading to antitrust laws, most notably the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890. Rockefeller tried to evade laws against monopolies by dissolving the Standard Oil trust and distributing its properties to companies in other states. The ownership of the companies were interlocked so that the same board of nine trustees still controlled their operations. In 1899 Rockefeller brought all the companies back together in a holding company, Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), which existed until 1911, when the U.S. Supreme Court declared that it violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. Rockefeller’s aggressive business practices brought him criticism, including a 19-part investigative report by American journalist Ida Tarbell called The History of the Standard Oil Company.

Though his business practices brought him scrutiny, Rockefeller was respected for his philanthropy. Along with his son, John,he created philanthropic and educational institutions, many of which survive today. These include the University of Chicago (founded 1892) in Illinois and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (renamed Rockefeller University) (1901) and the Rockefeller Foundation (1913), both in New York, New York. By the time of his death, he had contributed more than $500 million to charity.

Many of Rockefeller’s descendants found themselves in positions of power in part because of the wealth and reputation he established. His son, John, built Rockefeller Center in New York City and donated land in the city to build the United Nations headquarters. Nelson Rockefeller, son of John Jr., was a New York governor (1959–73) and served as the 41st vice president of the United States (1974–77).