Why did bullfighting become controversial in Spain and other countries?

Bullfighting has long been a subject of intense controversy, primarily due to ethical concerns regarding the treatment of animals. Critics, ranging from historical religious figures to contemporary animal-rights activists, have frequently condemned the spectacle as barbaric and a perversion of the principle of animal stewardship.1

The debate is multifaceted:

• Ethical and Moral Concerns: Many view the killing of the bull in the arena as inherently cruel. While some defenders argue that bullfighting is no more violent than other forms of commercialized entertainment, such as professional boxing or the industrial slaughter of livestock, detractors maintain that the public performance of killing is morally indefensible.1
• Cultural Identity: For many Spanish intellectuals, the corrida has served as a symbol of Spain’s perceived struggle to modernize and align with Enlightenment values. Critics argue that the tradition hinders Spain's standing among "civilized nations," while supporters defend it as an essential element of national culture.1
• Political and Legal Action: Growing public intolerance has led to organized campaigns to ban the practice. Notably, regions like the Canary Islands and Catalonia have attempted to prohibit bullfighting, reflecting a significant disconnect between the tradition and modern societal values.2

Ultimately, the controversy pits those who view the bullring as a profound morality play and art form against those who prioritize the ethical treatment of animals and the modernization of cultural practices.1