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Why can cricket fielders be placed in different positions after each ball?

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Jonny Bairstow of England, wearing a light blue uniform and helmet, batting during the 2019 Cricket World Cup semi-final against Australia, with two Australian fielders behind the stumps. — cricket Jonny Bairstow of England batting during a semifinal match against Australia at the 2019 Cricket World Cup.

In cricket, the captain of the fielding side has the tactical freedom to reposition fielders after each ball to adapt to the evolving state of the game. Because there are no foul lines in cricket, a batsman can hit the ball in any direction, making the placement of fielders a critical strategic element.1

The primary objectives for these adjustments are to dismiss the batsman by placing fielders in positions where they are likely to catch a hit, and to prevent the batsman from scoring runs by blocking the path of the ball. Captains determine these positions based on several factors, including:1

The specific technique and strengths of the bowler and the batsman.1
The condition of the pitch.1
The current state of the match.1

While captains have broad authority to set the field, it is important to note that in certain formats, such as one-day cricket, there are specific restrictions on where fielders can be placed.1