Italian literature: Other writings: …biography (La famiglia Manzoni [1983; The Manzoni Family]). Giovanni Arpino excelled at personal sympathies that cross cultural boundaries (La suora giovane [1959; The Novice] and Il fratello italiano [1980; “The Italian Brother”]). Fulvio Tomizza also tackled this theme in L’amicizia (1980; “The Friendship”).

Alessandro Manzoni was an Italian poet and novelist whose novel I promessi sposi (The Betrothed) had immense patriotic appeal for Italians of the nationalistic Risorgimento period and is generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. After Manzoni’s parents separated in 1792, he spent

Giacomo Manzù was an Italian sculptor who, in the mid-20th century, revived the ancient tradition of creating sculptural bronze doors for ecclesiastical buildings. His sober realism and extremely delicate modeling alternately achieved austere severity and sensuousness of form and surface, lending a

Western painting: Art and consumerism: French and Italian art in the 1950s: …the work of Italian artist Piero Manzoni, who produced materialist counterpropositions to his more spiritually elevated gestures. Based in Milan, Manzoni partly inherited his irreverent attitude to aesthetic protocols from Lucio Fontana, an artist who had developed a peculiarly Italian version of Informel painting (originally a Parisian movement that rejected…

Ziaur Rahman: Mohammad Abdul Manzoor, who in 1971 had fought beside him in the battle to win independence for Bangladesh.

Qing dynasty, the last of the imperial dynasties of China, spanning the years 1644 to 1911/12. Under the Qing the territory of the empire grew to treble its size under the preceding Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the population grew from some 150 million to 450 million, many of the non-Chinese

Giacomo Manzù was an Italian sculptor who, in the mid-20th century, revived the ancient tradition of creating sculptural bronze doors for ecclesiastical buildings. His sober realism and extremely delicate modeling alternately achieved austere severity and sensuousness of form and surface, lending a

crazy eights: …in the variation known as mao, newcomers are not told what the rules are but have to learn them by making mistakes and suffering the penalties. This feature may have been suggested by eleusis.

Maó, capital of Minorca Island, Balearic Islands provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain. It originated as the Mediterranean Portus Magonis, bearing the name of the Carthaginian general Mago. Under the Romans it was a municipium (privileged town). The Arab pirate

Men: …with the Persian moon god Mao. His name was usually written together with a cult title, often an adjective denoting a locality, and his most frequent attributes were the pine cone, bucranium (ox skull), and chicken. He was represented as a male figure with a crescent moon behind his shoulders.…

Mao, city, northwestern Dominican Republic. It lies near the Yaque del Norte River in the fertile Cibao Valley. Mao is principally a rice-growing and milling centre, although a variety of other crops are grown in the area. Lumbering and placer gold mining take place near the city. Mao can be

Mao Chang was a Chinese scholar whose revision of and commentary on the great Confucian classic the Shijing (“Classic of Poetry”) became so famous that for the next 2,000 years this text was often referred to as the Mao shi (“Mao Poetry”). His work is still generally considered the authoritative

Mao Chang was a Chinese scholar whose revision of and commentary on the great Confucian classic the Shijing (“Classic of Poetry”) became so famous that for the next 2,000 years this text was often referred to as the Mao shi (“Mao Poetry”). His work is still generally considered the authoritative

Mao Dun was a Chinese literary critic and author, generally considered republican China’s greatest realist novelist. Forced to interrupt his schooling in 1916 because he ran out of money, Shen Yanbing became a proofreader at the Commercial Press in Shanghai, the most important publishing house of

mental disorder: Antidepressant agents: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) interfere with the action of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin. As a result, these neurotransmitters accumulate within nerve cells and presumably leak out onto receptors. The side effects of these drugs include daytime drowsiness,…

Shangqing, important early sectarian movement associated with the emergence of Daoism during the southern Six Dynasties period (220–589 ce). The origins of the sect go back to the revelations made to Yang Xi in the 4th century, which were gathered together as an early corpus of scriptures

Shijing, the first anthology of Chinese poetry. It was compiled by the ancient sage Confucius (551–479 bc) and cited by him as a model of literary expression, for, despite its numerous themes, the subject matter was always “expressive of pleasure without being licentious, and of grief without being

Mao Zedong was the principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his country’s communist revolution. Mao was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and

Maoism, doctrine composed of the ideology and methodology for revolution developed by Mao Zedong and his associates in the Chinese Communist Party from the 1920s until Mao’s death in 1976. Maoism has clearly represented a revolutionary method based on a distinct revolutionary outlook not

Mao Dun was a Chinese literary critic and author, generally considered republican China’s greatest realist novelist. Forced to interrupt his schooling in 1916 because he ran out of money, Shen Yanbing became a proofreader at the Commercial Press in Shanghai, the most important publishing house of

Mao Zedong was the principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his country’s communist revolution. Mao was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and

Maoism, doctrine composed of the ideology and methodology for revolution developed by Mao Zedong and his associates in the Chinese Communist Party from the 1920s until Mao’s death in 1976. Maoism has clearly represented a revolutionary method based on a distinct revolutionary outlook not

Bruce Beresford: Beresford later helmed Mao’s Last Dancer (2009), which was based on the real-life story of a Chinese ballet dancer who defected to the United States, and Peace, Love & Misunderstanding (2011). His later credits included the dramedy Mr. Church (2016) and the TV movie Flint (2017), about the…

high-pressure phenomena: The diamond-anvil cell: …December 1975 by the geophysicists Ho-kwang Mao and Peter M. Bell, both of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, in Washington, D.C., where they subsequently attained diamond-cell pressures of approximately 300 GPa. Heating of diamond-cell samples, with both resistance heaters and lasers, has extended accessible pressure-temperature conditions…

antiparkinson drug: COMT and MAO-B inhibitors: Similar to COMT inhibitors, MAO-B inhibitors slow the degradation of dopamine in the brain. Best known of these agents is selegiline, which extends the effects of levodopa and often is prescribed in combination with levodopa and carbidopa.

Maoming, city in western Guangdong sheng (province), China. Maoming is situated some 16 miles (25 km) inland, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Zhanjiang city. Little more than a small market town and minor administrative centre until the 1950s, the whole area has undergone rapid growth since then;

history of Central Asia: Early eastern peoples: …was killed by his son Maodun, under whose long reign (c. 209–174 bce) the Xiongnu became a major power and a serious menace to China. In many respects the Xiongnu are the eastern counterpart of the Scythians. The Chinese historian Sima Qian (c. 145–c. 87 bce) described the nomadic tactics…

mental disorder: Antidepressant agents: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) interfere with the action of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin. As a result, these neurotransmitters accumulate within nerve cells and presumably leak out onto receptors. The side effects of these drugs include daytime drowsiness,…

Maoism, doctrine composed of the ideology and methodology for revolution developed by Mao Zedong and his associates in the Chinese Communist Party from the 1920s until Mao’s death in 1976. Maoism has clearly represented a revolutionary method based on a distinct revolutionary outlook not

Maoke Mountains, westernmost segment of the central highlands of New Guinea. It is located in the Indonesian province of Papua. The range extends for 430 miles (692 km), and much of it lies above 12,000 feet (3,660 metres), with a number of peaks rising above the 14,500-foot (4,400-metre) snow

Maoming, city in western Guangdong sheng (province), China. Maoming is situated some 16 miles (25 km) inland, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Zhanjiang city. Little more than a small market town and minor administrative centre until the 1950s, the whole area has undergone rapid growth since then;

Māori, member of a Polynesian people of New Zealand. Their traditional history describes their origins in terms of waves of migration that culminated in the arrival of a “great fleet” in the 14th century from Hawaiki, a mythical land usually identified as Tahiti. This historical account provides

Witi Ihimaera: Ihimaera’s later works included Māori Boy: A Memoir of Childhood (2014) and Native Son: The Writer’s Memoir (2019).

weka, (Gallirallus australis), species of nonmigratory flightless bird of the rail family (Rallidae) that is endemic to New Zealand. The weka is roughly the size of a chicken (Gallus gallus), and its appearance is characterized by its variable, but mainly brown, plumage with black streaks. The

New Zealand: Ethnic conflict: The Māori King Movement and the unrest in the Taranaki headed by Wiremu Kīngi (the two movements remained distinct though related) were opposed to further land sales.

Māori: The rise of the King Movement: …has sometimes been called the First Māori War), and they were not finally suppressed until 1847, by colonial forces under Gov. Sir George Grey. His victories brought a peace that lasted from 1847 to 1860.

Māori language, a language in the Eastern Polynesian subgroup of the Eastern Austronesian (Oceanic) languages that is spoken in New Zealand and the Cook Islands. It is the language of the indigenous Māori people. The Māori Language Act of 1987 made it one of New Zealand’s official languages.

New Zealand: John Key’s first term as prime minister (2008–11): …three smaller parties, including the Māori Party. The latter had formed in 2004 as a result of the Labour government’s denial of Māori claims to customary rights over areas of the country’s shoreline and seabed.

Māori Representation Act, (1867), legislation that created four Māori parliamentary seats in New Zealand, bringing the Māori nation into the political system of the self-governing colony. The Native Representation Act was originally intended to be temporary. When Māori landholdings were converted

Māori: The rise of the King Movement: …has sometimes been called the First Māori War), and they were not finally suppressed until 1847, by colonial forces under Gov. Sir George Grey. His victories brought a peace that lasted from 1847 to 1860.

Taoism: Influence on secular literature: The revealed literature of Maoshan came to have the greatest effect on secular writings. As works of great literary refinement, the Lives of the Perfected directly inspired a very famous tale, the Intimate Life of Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi neizhuan; late 6th century), which in highly polished…

Taoism: Literary developments: The Treatise on Maoshan (Maoshanzhi; 1329) is among the most monumental. It includes lives of the saints and patriarchs, notes on topography and history, and a valuable selection from 1,000 years of literary testimony and inscriptions on the mountain and its Taoism. The new Taoist…

S.R. Srinivasa Varadhan: …George Papanicolaou and Chinese mathematician Maozheng Guo, Varadhan obtained important new results in hydrodynamics, which he later extended to give new methods for the theory of random walks, the basic approach to diffusion theory, and many other processes that can be modelled probabilistically.

Mac: …Hiberno-Norman Fitz and the Welsh Ap (formerly Map). Just as the latter has become initial P, as in the modern names Price or Pritchard, Mac has in some names become initial C and even K—e.g., Cody, Costigan, Keegan.

map, graphic representation, drawn to scale and usually on a flat surface, of features—for example, geographical, geological, or geopolitical—of an area of the Earth or of any other celestial body. Globes are maps represented on the surface of a sphere. Cartography is the art and science of making

food preservation: Packaging: …led to the development of modified-atmosphere packaging. If the barrier properties are carefully selected, a packaging material can maintain a modified atmosphere inside the package and thus extend the shelf life of the food product.

Michel Houellebecq: Writing career and books: …Carte et le territoire (2010; The Map and the Territory), which features a character by the name of Houellebecq, won the 2010 Prix Goncourt. Soumission (2015; Submission) is a dystopian work of speculative fiction in which France has become an Islamic state. The novel was published on the day of…

Alan Greenspan: The Greenspan legacy: In The Map and the Territory: Risk, Human Nature, and the Future of Forecasting (2013), Greenspan advanced guidelines for market prognostication in light of the lessons learned from the financial crisis. Although the book mostly constituted a reassertion and recontextualization of Greenspan’s long-held principles, it notably…

map, graphic representation, drawn to scale and usually on a flat surface, of features—for example, geographical, geological, or geopolitical—of an area of the Earth or of any other celestial body. Globes are maps represented on the surface of a sphere. Cartography is the art and science of making

neuroplasticity: Map expansion: Map expansion, the fourth type of neuroplasticity, entails the flexibility of local brain regions that are dedicated to performing one type of function or storing a particular form of information. The arrangement of these local regions in the cerebral cortex is referred to…

GIS: His MIMO (“map in–map out”) system made it possible to convert maps into a computer-usable form, manipulate the files, and produce a new map as the output. This innovation and its earliest descendants are generally classified as computerized cartography, but they set the stage for GIS.

map: Types of maps and charts available: …service is performed by the Map Information Office of the U.S. Geological Survey, which publishes and distributes indexes of each state showing map coverage and ordering information. Summary data on geodetic control and aerial photography are also maintained.

Ha Jin: Literary works: …China during the Nanjing Massacre; A Map of Betrayal (2014), about a Chinese mole in the CIA; and The Boat Rocker (2016), in which a Chinese journalist in New York City attempts to expose his novelist ex-wife as a fraud. In A Song Everlasting (2021), a Chinese singer runs afoul…

Ten Depictions of Hell: The Map of Hell (c. 1476–1500) by Sandro Botticelli: In addition, he drew The Map of Hell, perhaps the most disquieting of such illustrations. Here, hell is depicted as a funnel comprising nine major levels, each corresponding to one of Dante’s circles. Within each stratum, tiny sinners are trapped, but, due to their diminutive size, their punishments are…

American literature: Theory: …Anxiety of Influence (1973) and A Map of Misreading (1975), Bloom reached a wide audience with The Western Canon (1994) and Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human (1998), both of which explored and defended the Western literary tradition.

The map of the United States has changed considerably in the 250 years since the country’s founding. From the original 13 colonies on the Eastern Seaboard, European settlements spread west, with the frontier advancing from the fall line to the Appalachians and into the Old Northwest by 1800. In the

four-colour map problem, problem in topology, originally posed in the early 1850s and not solved until 1976, that required finding the minimum number of different colours required to colour a map such that no two adjacent regions (i.e., with a common boundary segment) are of the same colour. Three

map: Map scales and classifications: Map scale refers to the size of the representation on the map as compared to the size of the object on the ground. The scale generally used in architectural drawings, for example, is 1 4 inch to one foot, which means that…

Joy Harjo: Poetry, tenure as U.S. poet laureate, and other writing: …American Book Award; Fishing (1992); A Map to the Next World: Poetry and Tales (2000); and How We Became Human: New and Selected Poems (2002). In Conflict Resolution for Holy Beings (2015), Harjo chronicles the joys and struggles of everyday life of Native Americans, beginning with the Trail of Tears,…

turtle: Habitats: Map turtles (Graptemys), on the other hand, select the faster-flowing waters of those same streams. The saltwater terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) lives in brackish coastal estuaries and marshes from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Padre Island, Texas. In some instances, juvenile

Walter Map was an English churchman and writer whose work helps to illuminate the society and religious issues of his era. Probably of Welsh descent, Map studied at the University of Paris from about 1154 to 1160. He took holy orders and became a clerk in the household of Henry II, and he served

number game: Map-colouring problems: Cartographers have long recognized that no more than four colours are needed to shade the regions on any map in such a way that adjoining regions are distinguished by colour. The corresponding mathematical question, framed in 1852, became the celebrated “four-colour map problem”:…

Maba cranium, fossil fragments of an ancient human skull found in 1958 near the village of Maba (Ma-pa), Guangdong (Kwangtung) province, southern China. Intermediate in form between Homo erectus and H. sapiens, the remains are referred by many authorities to archaic H. sapiens or to an Asian

Mapai, early and major labour party in Palestine–Israel that in 1930 became the central partner in the Israel Labour Party

Minahasan: …divided into special societies called mapalus, which provide reciprocal agricultural assistance. Wet and dry rice, corn (maize), sago palms, coffee, tobacco, and cocoa are the principal crops.

Mapam, left-wing labour party in Israel and in the World Zionist Organization, founded in 1948 by the ha-Shomer ha-Tzaʿir (Young Guard) and the Aḥdut ʿAvoda-Poʿale Tziyyon (Labour Unity-Workers of Zion), which were both Marxist Zionist movements. Mapam maintains a Marxist ideology and is

Lake Mapam, lake, in the western Tibet Autonomous Region of China, to the south of the Kailash Range. At an elevation of 15,052 feet (4,588 meters), it is one of the highest bodies of fresh water in the world, and it is known for being crystal clear. The lake is prominent in the mythology of

Lake Mapam, lake, in the western Tibet Autonomous Region of China, to the south of the Kailash Range. At an elevation of 15,052 feet (4,588 meters), it is one of the highest bodies of fresh water in the world, and it is known for being crystal clear. The lake is prominent in the mythology of

Cyperaceae: Evolution and classification: The smallest subfamily, the Mapanioideae, has about 170 species in 14 genera. The highly reduced, unisexual flowers are grouped together tightly in such a way as to simulate a single flower (pseudanthium).

Motilón: …were the Chaké and the Mape, who were agricultural and forest-dwelling and hostilely resisted European encroachments well into the 20th century.

Thomas Mapfumo is a Zimbabwean musician and composer who propelled Zimbabwe toward independence in the 1970s through his cultivation of chimurenga—a local genre of politically charged popular music. Mapfumo also was instrumental in introducing the West to the traditional music of Zimbabwe through

Kerala: Population composition: …population practices Islam, with the Mapilla (Moplah) people of the Malabar Coast constituting the state’s largest Muslim community. Christians, who account for nearly one-fifth of the population, belong broadly to the Syrian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches as well as to various Protestant denominations. Many of the long-established Christian communities,

Mapimí Basin, enclosed depression in northern Mexico. Situated in the arid Mesa del Norte and averaging 3,000 feet (900 metres) in elevation, it is structurally similar to the Basin and Range Province in the United States. Although once considered unreclaimable desert, with irrigation it supports

Liuzhou, city, central Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, southern China. Liuzhou, the second largest city in Guangxi, is a natural communication centre, being situated at the confluence of several tributaries that form the Liu River, which flows southward into a tributary of the Xi River. In

maple, (Acer), any of a large genus (about 200 species) of shrubs or trees in the family Sapindaceae, widely distributed in the North Temperate Zone but concentrated in China. Maples constitute one of the most important groups of ornamentals for planting in lawns, along streets, and in parks. They

The establishment of the Canadian federation in 1867 was not accompanied by the creation of a special flag for the country. The imperial Union Jack and other British flags were considered sufficient, although a coat of arms (in the form of a heraldic shield) was granted by Queen Victoria in 1868.

poplar: Common species: The white poplar (P. alba)—also known as silver poplar for its leaves, which have white felted undersides, and as maple leaf poplar for the leaves’ lobed margins—is widely spreading or columnar in form, reaching 30 metres (100 feet) in height. The gray poplar (P. ×canescens), a…

Scott Joplin: …rags for piano, including “Maple Leaf Rag” and “The Entertainer,” published from 1899 through 1909, and his opera, Treemonisha, published at his own expense in 1911. Treemonisha was well received when it was first produced by a troupe in Atlanta, Georgia, directed and choreographed by Katherine Dunham. The production…

maple syrup, sweet syrup made by concentrating the sap of certain species of North American maple trees, chiefly the sugar maple and black maple. It was utilized by Indigenous peoples of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River regions prior to the arrival of European settlers. The bulk of maple

maple syrup urine disease, inherited metabolic disorder involving leucine, isoleucine, and valine (a group of branch chain amino acids). Normally, these amino acids are metabolized, step by step, by a number of enzymes, each of which is specific for each step in the metabolism of each amino acid.

Confederation group, Canadian English-language poets of the late 19th century whose work expressed the national consciousness inspired by the Confederation of 1867. Their transcendental and romantic praise of the Canadian landscape dominated Canadian poetry until the 20th century. The Confederation

Donald Trump: Early life and business career: Trump married the American actress Marla Maples after she gave birth to Trump’s fourth child, Tiffany, in 1993. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1999. In 2005 Trump married the Slovene model Melania Knauss, and their son, Barron, was born the following year. Melania Trump became the second foreign-born first…

Longmyndian: …overlain in turn by the Maplewell Series and the Brand Series. These rocks, collectively known as the Charnian, consist largely of volcanic rocks (most prominent in the Maplewell Series and least in the Brand Series) and of sedimentary conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and slates.

cartography, the art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart. It may involve the superimposition of political, cultural, or other nongeographical divisions onto the representation of a geographical area. A brief treatment of

Santiago: History: …two surrounding arms of the Mapocho River and by Huelén (later renamed Santa Lucía) Hill to the east, which served as a lookout.

Solomon M. Mutswairo: Mapondera: Soldier of Zimbabwe (1978), written in English, celebrates Mapondera’s great efforts against both Cecil Rhodes and the Portuguese coming into Zimbabwe from the south and the east, respectively. Chaminuka: Prophet of Zimbabwe (1982), a novel, was also written in English. Mutswairo’s other works include…

Celtic religion: The Celtic gods: Maponos (“Divine Son” or “Divine Youth”) is attested in Gaul but occurs mainly in northern Britain. He appears in medieval Welsh literature as Mabon, son of Modron (that is, of Matrona, “Divine Mother”), and he evidently figured in a myth of the infant god carried…

Tom Cruise is an American actor who emerged in the 1980s as one of Hollywood’s most popular leading men. Since then he has been one of cinema’s most consistently bankable and artistically versatile stars, equally adept in auteur-driven dramas and comedies as he is in blockbuster action spectacles.

Mapp v. Ohio, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 19, 1961, ruled (6–3) that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits “unreasonable searches and seizures,” is inadmissible in state courts. In so doing, it held that the federal

Joseph ben Ephraim Karo: A corrective commentary by Isserles, Mappa (1571; “The Tablecloth”), made Karo’s code acceptable to Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jews alike. Since that time the commentary has been published with Karo’s digest.

Wilhelm Beer: …the Moon of his time, Mappa Selenographica (1836). The first lunar map to be divided into quadrants, it contained a detailed representation of the Moon’s face and was accompanied, in 1837, by a volume providing micrometric measurements of the diameters of 148 craters and the elevations of 830 mountains.

Gautier de Metz: …a treatise about the universe, L’Image du monde (c. 1246; “The Mirror of the World”; also called Mappemonde), based on the medieval Latin text Imago mundi by Honorius Inclusus.

cartography, the art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart. It may involve the superimposition of political, cultural, or other nongeographical divisions onto the representation of a geographical area. A brief treatment of

mapping, any prescribed way of assigning to each object in one set a particular object in another (or the same) set. Mapping applies to any set: a collection of objects, such as all whole numbers, all the points on a line, or all those inside a circle. For example, “multiply by two” defines a

Vikram Seth: …Seth’s first volume of poetry, Mappings, was published in 1980, he did not attract critical attention until the publication of his humorous travelogue From Heaven Lake (1983), the story of his journey hitchhiking from Nanking to New Delhi via Tibet. The poetic craft of The Humble Administrator’s Garden (1985) foreshadows…

Robert Mapplethorpe was an American photographer who was noted for austere photographs of flowers, celebrities, and male nudes; among the latter were some that proved controversial because of their explicitly homoerotic and sadomasochistic themes. Mapplethorpe attended the Pratt Institute in New

mappō, in Japanese Buddhism, the age of the degeneration of the Buddha’s law, which some believe to be the current age in human history. Ways of coping with the age of mappō were a particular concern of Japanese Buddhists during the Kamakura period (1192–1333) and were an important factor in the

MapQuest, American Web-based, wireless mapping service owned by AOL (formerly known as America Online). MapQuest is headquartered in Lancaster, Pa., and Denver, Colo. In 1967 R.R. Donnelley and Sons created a new division, Cartographic Services, to produce printed road maps and distribute them for

Google: Early investment, rapid growth, and a 2004 IPO: …File System (GFS), Bigtable, and MapReduce. GFS handles the storage of data in “chunks” across several machines; Bigtable is the company’s database program; and MapReduce is used by Google to generate higher-level data (e.g., putting together an index of Web pages that contain the words “Chicago,” “theater,” and “participatory”).

African literature: English: Maps is the story of a youth, Askar, growing up in a Somalia divided by Ethiopia. With the mythic Misra, who becomes his surrogate mother, and by means of a geographical movement that occurs within a rich mixture of politics and sex, the boy seeks…