Mitnagged, member of a group of tradition-minded Jews who vigorously opposed the mid-18th-century Hasidic movement of eastern Europe when it threatened to encompass large numbers of Jews. Under the leadership of Elijah ben Solomon, called the Vilna Gaon, the Mitnaggedim excommunicated all Hasidic

Mitnagged, member of a group of tradition-minded Jews who vigorously opposed the mid-18th-century Hasidic movement of eastern Europe when it threatened to encompass large numbers of Jews. Under the leadership of Elijah ben Solomon, called the Vilna Gaon, the Mitnaggedim excommunicated all Hasidic

Kip Thorne: With C.W. Misner and John Archibald Wheeler, Thorne wrote Gravitation (1973), which became the standard graduate school text on general relativity. He also wrote a popular book about the subject, Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy (1994). He was the science adviser and an…

miso, cultured, fermented paste and seasoning made of soybeans and other ingredients and used as the base for soups and sauces in Japanese cuisine. Miso is probably a borrowing from a Chinese condiment by way of Korean cuisine. Related to soy sauce, miso is a paste typically composed of steamed

miso: It is the basis for miso soup, a traditional first course in Japanese restaurants around the world. Miso soup is usually a simple preparation of miso paste and water, often topped with sliced scallions. The soup can be made more elaborate with the addition of vegetables, udon noodles, slices of…

mistletoe: …found in the families Loranthaceae, Misodendraceae, and Santalaceae, the latter containing the well-known members in the genera Viscum, Phoradendron, and Arceuthobium. Most mistletoes are able to parasitize a variety of hosts, and some species even parasitize other mistletoes, which in turn are parasitic on a host. They are usually evergreen…

misogyny, hatred or prejudice against women, typically exhibited by men. It is generally accepted that misogyny is a consequence of patriarchy (male-dominated society), and the term may be applied to certain individuals as well as larger systems, societies, or cultures. Misogynistic thought is

Misool Island, island in the Raja Ampat group in the Ceram Sea, West Papua (Papua Barat) province, Indonesia. Misool is located about 40 miles (64 km) southwest of the Doberai (Vogelkop) Peninsula of the island of New Guinea. Flat lowlands cover the coastal regions except in the south, which is

misophonia, disorder marked by low tolerance of and unusually strong negative physiological, emotional, and behavioral reactions to specific sounds or to stimuli related to such sounds. In some persons with misophonia, the triggering stimulus may activate the fight-or-flight response, resulting in

crustacean: Annotated classification: Order Misophrioida Carapace-like extension from the head covers the first segment bearing a swimming leg; heart present in some; no eyes; antennule with up to 27 segments; fifth leg biramous; marine. Order Mormonilloida Antennule with 3 or 4 long segments and long setae; fifth leg absent;…

Julian: Policies as emperor: …incensed by his pamphlet entitled Misopogon (“Beard Hater”), in which he assailed the Antiochenes for the ridicule that they poured on him for his personal conduct, his religion, and his claim to be a philosopher on the strength of his beard.

abortifacient: Modern agents: Misoprostol, administered in prescribed doses either orally or as a vaginal suppository, causes the uterus to contract much as it would at the beginning of labor or during a miscarriage. Taken alone, it is rarely sufficient to expel the embryo and placenta from the uterus,…

Schouten Islands, archipelago in the Pacific Ocean across the entrance to Cenderawasih Bay, off the northern coast of Irian Jaya provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. The first European sighting of the group was by the Dutch navigator Willem Corneliszoon Schouten. The chief islands are Biak, Supiori,

arsenopyrite, an iron sulfoarsenide mineral (FeAsS), the most common ore of arsenic. It is most commonly found in ore veins that were formed at high temperatures, as at Mapimí, Mex.; Butte, Mont.; and Tunaberg, Swed. Arsenopyrite forms monoclinic or triclinic crystals with an orthorhombic shape;

misprision, in law, criminal misconduct of various types. Concealment of a serious crime by one who knows of its commission but was not a party to it is misprision. Similarly, the failure of a citizen to attempt to prevent the perpetration of an offense can be characterized as misprision. (See also

Egypt, country located in the northeastern corner of Africa. Egypt’s heartland, the Nile River valley and delta, was the home of one of the principal civilizations of the ancient Middle East and, like Mesopotamia farther east, was the site of one of the world’s earliest urban and literate

Cairo: City layout: Heliopolis, or Miṣr al-Jadīdah (“New Cairo”), became a major site of development in the 1970s and ’80s, witnessing significant population growth and commercial expansion. Since that time, urban developments have increasingly encroached upon agricultural land, extending into the desert periphery; Heliopolis and Naṣr City (a suburb begun…

Cairo: City layout: …of the medieval city) and Miṣr al-Qadīmah (“Old Cairo”; to the south), served as port suburbs of Cairo before the city expanded to encompass them. Būlāq, an island until 1340 and the city’s main port by 1560, eventually became an industrial district in the early 19th century. In addition to…

Lower Egypt, geographic and cultural division of Egypt consisting primarily of the triangular Nile River delta region and bounded generally by the 30th parallel north in the south and by the Mediterranean Sea in the north. Characterized by broad expanses of fertile soil, Lower Egypt contrasts

South Asian arts: Rajasthani: …began with the works of Suryamal Misrama. His most important works are the Vamsa Bhaskara and the Vira satsaī. The Vamsa Bhaskara contains accounts of the Rājput princes who ruled in what was then Rājputāna (at present the state of Rājasthān), during the lifetime of the poet (1872–1952). The Vira…

Misurata, town, northwestern Libya. It is separated from the Mediterranean Sea by a band of sand dunes and occupies a coastal oasis above an underground water table. The town originated about the 7th century as a caravan supply center. By the 12th century, as Thubactis, it was engaged in

Misurata, town, northwestern Libya. It is separated from the Mediterranean Sea by a band of sand dunes and occupies a coastal oasis above an underground water table. The town originated about the 7th century as a caravan supply center. By the 12th century, as Thubactis, it was engaged in

Arabic literature: Metre and rhyme: …divided into two half-lines (called miṣrāʿ); the second of the two ends with a rhyming syllable that is used throughout the poem. In order that the listening audience may internalize the rhyme that is to be used, the first line (which is often repeated) uses the rhyme at the end…

misrepresentation, in law, any representation by words or other means made by one person to another that, under the circumstances, amounts to an assertion not in accordance with the facts. A misrepresentation is an assertion not in accord with the facts that is made with the intent to mislead or

Jonathan Edwards: Dismissal from Northampton of Jonathan Edwards: …Qualifications for Communion (1749) and Misrepresentations Corrected, and Truth Vindicated, in a Reply to the Rev. Mr. Solomon Williams’s Book (1752), one to convince his congregation, the other to correct what he considered misrepresentations of his views by a kinsman, the pastor at Lebanon, Connecticut. Though Edwards himself was defeated,…

ʿUrābī Pasha was an Egyptian nationalist who led a social-political movement that expressed the discontent of the Egyptian educated classes, army officials, and peasantry with foreign control. ʿUrābī, the son of a village sheikh, studied in Cairo at al-Azhar, the preeminent institution of Arabic

al-Bahūtī was a teacher and the last major exponent in Egypt of the Ḥanbalī school of Islamic law. Little is known about al-Bahūtī except that he spent nearly all of his life teaching and practicing Ḥanbalī law. His legal writings, although not original, are noted for their clarity and are still

Lord of Misrule, official of the late medieval and early Tudor period in England, who was specially appointed to manage the Christmas festivities held at court, in the houses of great noblemen, in the law schools of the Inns of Court, and in many of the colleges at the universities of Cambridge and

Lord of Misrule, official of the late medieval and early Tudor period in England, who was specially appointed to manage the Christmas festivities held at court, in the houses of great noblemen, in the law schools of the Inns of Court, and in many of the colleges at the universities of Cambridge and

Lord of Misrule, official of the late medieval and early Tudor period in England, who was specially appointed to manage the Christmas festivities held at court, in the houses of great noblemen, in the law schools of the Inns of Court, and in many of the colleges at the universities of Cambridge and

Miss America, competition held annually in which young women representing each of the U.S. states, as well as the District of Columbia, compete by demonstrating a range of skills such as leadership, poise, and artistic talent. The winner, determined by a panel of judges, is awarded the title Miss

Howard Stern: …Parts (1993), an autobiography, and Miss America (1995), in which he offered his opinions on a wide range of topics. In 1997 Stern starred as himself in the film adaptation of Private Parts, which was a critical and commercial success. He later served as executive producer of the television sitcom…

Miss America, competition held annually in which young women representing each of the U.S. states, as well as the District of Columbia, compete by demonstrating a range of skills such as leadership, poise, and artistic talent. The winner, determined by a panel of judges, is awarded the title Miss

Vernon Lee: In her three-volume novel Miss Brown (1884), she brutally caricatures English aesthetic coteries (especially the Pre-Raphaelites).

Maya Angelou: Becoming Maya Angelou: …released an album of songs, Miss Calypso.

Candice Bergen: …appeared in the film comedies Miss Congeniality (2000), Sweet Home Alabama (2002), and The In-Laws (2003). She was cast as a high-powered lawyer in the series Boston Legal (2005–08) and received two more Emmy nominations. Bergen then returned to films, including Warren Beatty’s Rules Don’t Apply (2016), in which

Regina King: Television and film roles: …Legally Blonde 2 (2003) and Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous (2005) and winning praise for her role as a backup singer and lover of Ray Charles in the biopic Ray (2004).

Missy Elliott: Miss E…So Addictive (2001) featured the crossover dance track “Get Ur Freak On,” and the album won Elliott her first two Grammy Awards. She won a third Grammy for “Work It,” a single from her 2002 album Under Construction. Her fifth studio album, This Is…

Laurence Fishburne: Stage and TV roles: …The Tuskegee Airmen (1995) and Miss Evers’ Boys (1997); for the latter movie, a fictionalized portrayal of the Tuskegee syphilis study, Fishburne, who served as executive producer, received an Emmy when it was named best made-for-television movie.

Holly Hunter: …recreated the lead role in Miss Firecracker, the film version of Henley’s play. She was again nominated for a Golden Globe for her portrayal of a character based on the real-life Norma McCorvey in the TV movie Roe vs. Wade (1989). She played opposite Richard Dreyfuss in Steven Spielberg’s romance…

Marcia Gay Harden: …Crimes of the Heart and The Miss Firecracker Contest, respectively.

Liv Ullmann: …Bergman wrote the screenplay; and Miss Julie (2014), which she adapted from August Strindberg’s play of the same name. In 2022 Ullmann received an honorary Academy Award, noted for a “bravery and emotional transparency [that] has gifted audiences with deeply affecting screen portrayals.”

Miss Julie, full-length drama in one act by August Strindberg, published in Swedish as Fröken Julie in 1888 and performed in 1889. It was also translated into English as Countess Julie (1912) and Lady Julie (1950). The play substitutes such interludes as a peasant dance and a pantomime for the

Takashi Murakami: …in May 2003 when his Miss Ko2 (pronounced “ko ko”)—a life-size fibreglass sculpture of a large-breasted blonde waitress in a petite uniform—was auctioned in New York City for $567,500; the price set what was then a record for a work by a contemporary Japanese artist.

Miss Lonelyhearts, novel by Nathanael West, published in 1933. It concerns a male newspaper columnist whose attempts to give advice to the lovelorn end in tragedy. The protagonist, known only by his newspaper nom de plume, Miss Lonelyhearts, feels powerless to help his generally hopeless

Caribbean literature: …and in the poetry of Louise Bennett (Jamaica Labrish, 1966). Paradoxically, anglophone Caribbean development was formally conservative, working toward an “open” rather than an autochthonous, or indigenous, expression in the work of C.L.R. James (Trinidad) and the poetry of Derek Walcott (St. Lucia). In the novels of Wilson Harris (Guyana),…

Zona Gale: …American novelist and playwright whose Miss Lulu Bett (1920) established her as a realistic chronicler of Midwestern village life.

Massive Tomes: 10 of the World’s Longest Novels: Miss MacIntosh, My Darling by Marguerite Young: American poet and novelist Marguerite Young spent 18 years writing this 1,200-page novel of illusion and reality, Miss MacIntosh, My Darling (1965). The story centers on Vera Cartwheel, a woman who rejects her mother’s opium-induced vagueness and searches…

Margaret Oliphant Oliphant: …in a small town include Miss Marjoribanks (1866), a young lady’s attempts at social climbing, and Salem Chapel (1863), a young intelligent nonconformist minister’s trials with his narrow-minded congregation. The best of her Scottish novels are Passages in the Life of Mrs. Margaret Maitland (1849), Merkland (1851), and Kirsteen (1890).…

Maria Mitchell: …which became known as “Miss Mitchell’s Comet.” The discovery gained her immediate recognition in scientific circles; the following year she became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1849 she was appointed a computer for the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, and the…

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: Jolley’s enigmatic fiction includes Miss Peabody’s Inheritance (1983) and The Well (1986). Among male writers, Brian Castro, Robert Drewe, David Foster, and Tim Winton similarly emerged as significant writers. Of these Winton and Foster are particularly notable for their volumes Cloudstreet (1991) and The Glade Within the Grove

Tim Burton: …next directed the adventure fantasy Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children (2016), a film adaptation of the first book in a popular young adult series by Ransom Riggs. In 2019 he received mixed reviews for Dumbo, a live-action remake of the 1941 Disney classic. Burton then turned to television, directing…

Miss Piggy, American television puppet character, a highly articulated pig puppet featured on the prime-time comedy and variety program The Muppet Show (1976–81). Though she began as a relatively minor character, Miss Piggy quickly achieved leading-lady status on The Muppet Show series. A humanlike

Sarah Porter: …American educator and founder of Miss Porter’s School, still one of the leading preparatory schools for girls in the United States.

Renée Zellweger: Judy and other films: …of Reason (2004); the biopic Miss Potter (2006), in which she played the children’s author Beatrix Potter; George Clooney’s football comedy Leatherheads (2008); the coming-of-age story My One and Only (2009); and the further sequel Bridget Jones’s Baby (2016). She played a woman who encourages her art-dealer husband to

John William DeForest: …of the American Civil War—Miss Ravenel’s Conversion from Secession to Loyalty (1867).

Ruth Brown was an American singer and actress, who earned the sobriquet “Miss Rhythm” while dominating the rhythm-and-blues charts throughout the 1950s. Her success helped establish Atlantic Records (“The House That Ruth Built”) as the era’s premier rhythm-and-blues label. The oldest of seven

Curtis Bernhardt: 1950s and ’60s: …another strong female star with Miss Sadie Thompson (1953), a musical that featured Rita Hayworth as the prostitute from W. Somerset Maugham’s short story Rain. Although Hayworth was at less than her best, she held her own in this oft-filmed role. Beau Brummell (1954) offered Stewart Granger in the title…

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Rising reputation as dramatist and critic.: It also contained Miss Sara Sampson, which is the first major bürgerliches Trauerspiel, or domestic tragedy, in German literature. Middle-class writers had long wanted to do away with the traditional class distinctions in literature, whereby heroic and tragic themes were played out by aristocratic figures, while middle-class characters…

Barbara Kopple: Other films: …crisis moment when she released Miss Sharon Jones!. The film documents the inspiring career of the Grammy-nominated soul and R&B singer Sharon Jones, who was being treated for pancreatic cancer by day even as she was performing onstage at night. (Jones died from the disease in 2016.) Other, later documentaries…

Jessica Chastain: Film debut, breakthrough, and rise to prominence: …driven and powerful lobbyist in Miss Sloane. She chose to work with female directors for her next two movies—Niki Caro’s The Zookeeper’s Wife (2017), in which a Warsaw couple uses a zoo to help Jews escape Nazis during World War II, and Woman Walks Ahead (2017), Susanna White’s biopic about…

Peter Høeg: title Miss Smilla’s Feeling for Snow), a thriller that concerns the investigation into the death of a young boy.

Timothée Chalamet: Early life and career: …The Adderall Diaries (2015) and Miss Stevens (2016).

David Duchovny: … (2015), Bucky F*cking Dent (2016), Miss Subways (2018), and Truly Like Lightning (2021).

Lillian Gish: …Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942), Miss Susie Slagle’s (1946), Duel in the Sun (1946), The Night of the Hunter (1955), The Unforgiven (1960), The Comedians (1967), A Wedding (1978), Hambone and Hillie (1984), Sweet Liberty (1986),

Steve Harvey: …news as host of the Miss Universe beauty pageant when he mistakenly crowned the wrong contestant as the winner of the competition (but quickly corrected the error). From 2010 he helped head the Steve & Marjorie Harvey Foundation, a philanthropic venture that provided mentoring to fatherless young people.

Douglas Coupland: Subsequent novels included Miss Wyoming (1999), Hey Nostradamus! (2003), JPod (2006), The Gum Thief (2007), and Worst. Person. Ever. (2013). In addition, Coupland penned the screenplay for Everything’s Gone Green (2006), and he cocreated and cowrote the TV series jPod (2008), which was based

Drew Barrymore: Later career: …Collette in the sentimental drama Miss You Already (2015), about two best friends coping with illness and the complications of family life. In the comedy The Stand In (2020), Barrymore appeared in dual roles.

Michael Haydn: …due cori (also known as Missa Hispanica; 1786) is an outstanding work for orchestra and vocal soloists, and his Requiem of 1771 influenced Mozart’s own famous Requiem of 1791. Haydn also wrote numerous symphonies, divertimenti, and other secular compositions. He was an intimate friend of Mozart (who wrote his violin-viola…

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: Music of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: …best known example is the Missa brevis for four voices.

counterpoint: The Renaissance: …several voices, as in his Missa da pacem based on the chant melody “Da pacem” (“give peace”), is coupled with melodic smoothness and rhythmic vitality.

cantus firmus: …cavato (“carved-out subject”) for his Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae, honouring the duke of Ferrara, the vowels of whose Latin name yielded the solmization syllables of the hexachord. Popular songs also furnished cantus firmi for keyboard variations by William Byrd (1543–1623), Antonio de Cabezón (1510–66), and others.

Michael Haydn: …due cori (also known as Missa Hispanica; 1786) is an outstanding work for orchestra and vocal soloists, and his Requiem of 1771 influenced Mozart’s own famous Requiem of 1791. Haydn also wrote numerous symphonies, divertimenti, and other secular compositions. He was an intimate friend of Mozart (who wrote his violin-viola…

parody: , Missa Malheur me bat by Josquin des Prez, a reworking of Jean d’Okeghem’s chanson “Malheur me bat” (“Misfortune Has Struck Me”).

motet: Thus, the Missa nos autem gloriari by the Roman composer Francesco Soriano was based on the motet Nos autem gloriari by Giovanni da Palestrina. When a motet was in two movements, or self-contained sections, the second movement usually ended with the last musical phrases and text of…

paraphrase: …melodic imitation, as in the Missa pange lingua (mass on the plainsong hymn “Pange lingua” [“Sing, My Tongue”]) by Josquin des Prez.

Pope Marcellus Mass, mass by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, the best known of his more than 100 masses. Published in 1567, the work is renowned for its intricate interplay of vocal lines and has been studied for centuries as a prime example of Renaissance polyphonic choral music. Palestrina

canon: …composer Jean d’Okeghem composed his Missa prolationum (Prolation Mass) as a canon cycle in which a double canon is combined with a mensuration canon: two two-part canons proceed simultaneously at different rates of speed (i.e., mensurations).

mass: Beethoven’s Missa Solemnis (completed 1823) flows from the contemplation of the liturgy, as does J.S. Bach’s Mass in B Minor (1724–46), but neither was meant to accompany it.

missal, type of book containing the prayers, important chants, responses, and necessary instructions for the celebration of the mass (Latin: missa) in the Roman Catholic Church throughout the year. The missal developed from various books used in the early church. By the 5th century a separate mass

missal: History: …combined into one volume, the Missale plenum (“Full Missal”), which by the 13th century had replaced the older books. All modern missals are of this type. The Missale plenum existed in various forms, the most popular being the missal of the Roman Curia, which had evidently developed primarily during the…

Cildo Meireles: Another of Meireles’s installations, Missão/missões (como construir catedrais) (1987; Mission/Missions [How to Build Cathedrals]), was composed of 600,000 coins, a stack of 800 communion wafers, and 2,000 suspended cattle bones. According to the artist, it was about Europeans, particularly Jesuits, in the Americas, symbolizing “material power [and] spiritual power,…

missus dominicus: …empire was periodically divided into missatica, or inspection circuits; these were visited—in theory for four months out of every year but often in practice less regularly—by at least two missi, one a bishop or abbot, the other a layman, probably a count. The missi were powerful men protected with a…

Misau, town and traditional emirate, northern Bauchi state, northern Nigeria, 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the Misau River, the upper stretch of the Komadugu Gana. Originally inhabited by Hausa people, the town was captured in 1827 by the emirs Yakubu of Bauchi and Dan Kauwa of Katagum. The ensuing

pregnancy: Abortion: …is referred to as a missed abortion. Women who lose three or more consecutive pregnancies of less than 20 weeks’ duration are said to suffer from recurrent abortion. An infected abortion is an abortion associated with infection of the genital organs.

heredity: Mechanisms of mutation: …amino acid are called “missense” mutations; these can lead to alteration or loss of protein function. A more severe type of base substitution, called a “nonsense” mutation, results in a stop codon in a position where there was not one before, which causes the premature termination of protein synthesis…

viscount: … period of European history, the vicecomites, or missi comitis, were deputies, vicars, or lieutenants of the counts, whose official powers they exercised by delegation. As the countships eventually became hereditary, the lieutenancies did as well: for instance, in France the viscounts in Narbonne, in Nîmes, and in Albi appear to…

missus dominicus, officials sent by some Frankish kings and emperors to supervise provincial administration. Used sporadically by Merovingian and early Carolingian rulers, the missi became a normal part of the administrative machinery under Charlemagne (reigned 768–814). From about 802 onward

missile, a rocket-propelled weapon designed to deliver an explosive warhead with great accuracy at high speed. Missiles vary from small tactical weapons that are effective out to only a few hundred feet to much larger strategic weapons that have ranges of several thousand miles. Almost all missiles

rocket and missile system: Antitank and guided assault: … and the French-designed, internationally marketed MILAN (missile d’infanterie léger antichar, or “light infantry antitank missile”) and HOT (haut subsonique optiquement téléguidé tiré d’un tube, or “high-subsonic, optically teleguided, tube-fired”) were similar in concept and capability to TOW.

Midas, any of a series of 12 unmanned U.S. military satellites developed to provide warning against surprise attacks by Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Midas was the first such warning system in the world. Launched during the early 1960s, the reconnaissance satellites were

missile gap, term popularized during the late 1950s and early 1960s referring to the perception by U.S. government officials that the United States trailed the Soviet Union in ballistic missile technology. Following Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) testing in August 1957 and the

Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), an informal association of countries dedicated to nonproliferation of unmanned weapons systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The members (called “partners”) of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) also seek to coordinate

weapon: It may also be a missile weapon, operated by muscle power (as with the javelin, sling, and bow and arrow), mechanical power (as with the crossbow and catapult), or chemical power (as with the rocket and missile and such guns as the cannon, rifle

Jack Lemmon: …Syndrome (1979), Tribute (1980), and Missing (1982).

Orrin Hatch: Hatch cosponsored the Missing Children Act (1982), which established the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, as well as the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act (1984), which required that cigarette packaging carry warnings from the surgeon general about the dangers of smoking.

sound: The ear as spectrum analyzer: This effect, known as the missing fundamental, subjective fundamental, or periodicity pitch, is used by the ear to create the fundamental in sound radiating from a small loudspeaker that is not capable of providing low frequencies.

Korean War: Battling over POWs: …were carrying 11,500 men as missing in action (MIA), but the communists reported only 3,198 Americans in their custody (as well as 1,219 other UNC POWs, mostly Britons and Turks). The accounting for the South Koreans was even worse: of an estimated 88,000 MIAs, only 7,142 names were listed. The…

missing link, hypothetical extinct creature halfway in the evolutionary line between modern human beings and their anthropoid progenitors. In the latter half of the 19th century, a common misinterpretation of Charles Darwin’s work was that humans were lineally descended from existing species of

Stephen Fry: …Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Missing Link (2019). Fry made his directorial debut in 2003 with Bright Young Things, an adaptation of British writer Evelyn Waugh’s Vile Bodies (1930), a novel centred on the reckless frivolity of a group of English socialites in the wake of World War I. Fry…