wallaby: The pretty-faced wallaby, or whiptail (M. elegans, or M. parryi), with distinctive cheek marks, is found in open woods of coastal eastern Australia.

wallaroo, either of two species of kangaroo-like mammals native to Australia and belonging to the genus Macropus. They are closely related to wallabies and

wallaby: A common species is the red-necked wallaby (M. rufogriseus), with reddish nape and shoulders, which inhabits brushlands of southeastern Australia and Tasmania; this species is often seen in zoos. The pretty-faced wallaby, or whiptail (M. elegans, or M. parryi), with distinctive cheek marks, is found in open woods of coastal…

kangaroo: Descriptions of selected species: …of the same size, the red kangaroo (M. rufus) actually uses less energy at 10.1 km/hr than at 6.5 and less still at higher speeds. This seems to be related to the storage of elastic strain energy in its tendons and muscles. In addition, the heavy tail swings downward as…

snipefish, any of about 18 species of marine fishes of the family Centriscidae (order Gasterosteiformes) found in deeper tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Snipefishes are small deep-bodied fishes that grow to 30 cm (12 inches) in length. They are commonly

climate: Scale classes: Large-scale wind systems are distinguished by the predominance of horizontal motions over vertical motions and by the preeminent importance of the Coriolis force in influencing wind characteristics. Examples of large-scale wind systems include the trade winds and the westerlies.

elephant shrew, (order Macroscelidea), any of approximately 20 species of rat-sized African mammals named for their long, tapered, and flexible snout (proboscis). All have slim bodies, slender limbs, and very long hind legs and feet. Although they resemble shrews, they are not insectivores but

elephant shrew: …elephant shrews (genus Elephantulus), the round-eared sengis (Macroscelides proboscideus, M. flavicaudatus, and M. micus), and the four-toed elephant shrew (Petrodromus tetradactylus); those three genera are classified together in a subfamily separate from Rhynchocyon. Macroscelididae is the only family in the order Macroscelidea. There are eight extinct genera, some of which…

plant disease: Symptoms: Macroscopic symptoms are expressions of disease that can be seen with the unaided eye. Specific macroscopic symptoms are classified under one of four major categories: prenecrotic, necrotic, hypoplastic, and hyperplastic or hypertrophic. These categories reflect abnormal effects on host cells, tissues, and organs that

aphid: Types of aphids: The potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) begins as black eggs on rose plants, which hatch into pink and green young that feed on rosebuds and leaves. In early spring they migrate to potatoes, which are the summer host. One generation occurs every two to three weeks. It…

aphid: Types of aphids: The rose aphid (Macrosiphum rosae) is large and green with black appendages and pink markings. It is common on its only host, the cultivated rose. Natural predators are ladybird larvae and aphidlions (lacewing larvae).

social structure: Later trends in social structure theory: …whole societies—an approach known as macrosociology. Gerhard Lenski in Power and Privilege (1966) classified societies on the basis of their main tools of subsistence and, unlike Marx, demonstrated statistically that variations in the primary tools used in a given society systematically accounted for different types of social stratification systems.

spore: …rise to male gametophytes, and megaspores, which produce female gametophytes.

leafhopper: Major species: The six-spotted leafhopper (Macrosteles fascifrons) is greenish yellow with six black spots. It produces several generations per year. It infects asters and other garden plants and transmits aster yellow virus, which causes excessive branching, stunted growth, and foliage to turn yellow.

termite: Nest types: Mounds of some African Macrotermes species reach a height of 8 to 9 metres (26.2 to 29.5 feet) and have pinnacles, chimneys, and ridges on their outer walls. Such mounds are built of fine particles of clay glued together by saliva to form an exceedingly hard substance. Inside the…

bandicoot: Rabbit-eared bandicoots, more usually known as bilbies, are species of Macrotis. The greater bilby (M. lagotis) is the largest of all bandicoots, up to 85 cm (33.5 inches) long with a tufted tail of 25 cm (9.8 inches), and, although rather slenderly built, weighing up…

bilby, (Macrotis lagotis), small, burrowing, nocturnal, long-eared marsupial belonging to the family Thylacomyidae (order Peramelemorphia) and native to Australia. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, bilbies occupied habitats across more than 70 percent of Australia. At present, however, they are

bandicoot: The smaller lesser bilby (M. leucura) probably became extinct sometime between 1931 and 1960.

grenadier, any of about 300 species of abundant deep-sea fishes of the family Macrouridae found along the ocean bottom in warm and temperate regions. The typical grenadier is a large-headed fish with a tapered body ending in a long, ratlike tail bordered above and below by the anal and second

Macrozamia, genus of about 40 species of palmlike cycads in the family Zamiaceae, native to Australia and grown elsewhere as ornamental and conservatory specimens. The genus includes tuberous fernlike plants and palmlike columnar trees. The pith is a source of starch, but the seeds are poisonous to

gymnosperm: Cycadophyta: …squat, although the Australian cycad Macrozamia hopei may reach 19 metres (62 feet) in height. Given their attractive foliage and sometimes colourful cones, the plants are used in gardens in warmer latitudes and some may even thrive indoors.

hunger strike: Irish nationalist movements: …had starved to death, including Terence MacSwiney, the lord mayor of Cork. MacSwiney, a local IRA leader, had been imprisoned for possession of seditious materials and a cipher key. He launched his strike one day after the other prisoners’ and was eventually transferred to Brixton Prison in London. Most of…

Mactan Island, coral island, central Philippines, located in the Bohol Strait off the eastern shore of the island of Cebu. Rectangular in shape, the low-lying island has extensive mangrove swamps. It protects the harbour of Cebu City. On April 7, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese navigator,

Makua language, a Bantu language that is closely related to Lomwe and is spoken in northern Mozambique. The Bantu languages form a subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Makua had about six million speakers in the late 20th century, and Lomwe two

macula lutea, in anatomy, the small yellowish area of the retina near the optic disk that provides central vision. When the gaze is fixed on any object, the centre of the macula, the centre of the lens, and the object are in a straight line. In the centre of the macula is a depression, called the

senses: Mechanical senses: …of hair cells known as maculae. Within each maculae, the stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous mass known as the otolithic membrane, which contains small stonelike calcium carbonate particles called otoconia. The otolithic membrane and otoconia bend the hairs in the direction of gravity, providing the animal with a vertical…

macula lutea, in anatomy, the small yellowish area of the retina near the optic disk that provides central vision. When the gaze is fixed on any object, the centre of the macula, the centre of the lens, and the object are in a straight line. In the centre of the macula is a depression, called the

human ear: Vestibule: In the saccule the macula is in the vertical plane and directly overlies the bone of the inner wall of the vestibule. In shape it is elongated and resembles the letter J. Each macula consists of neuroepithelium, a layer that is made up of supporting cells and…

human ear: Vestibule: In the utricle the macula projects from the anterior wall of that tubular sac and lies primarily in the horizontal plane. In the saccule the macula is in the vertical plane and directly overlies the bone of the inner wall of the vestibule. In shape it is elongated and…

macular degeneration, group of blinding disorders that cause the gradual deterioration of the retina in the eye. The central region of the retina contains the macula lutea, which receives focused incoming light and is responsible for providing acute vision. The macula is found in humans, higher

blue butterfly: The large blue (Maculinea arion, or Phengaris arion) spends its larval and pupal stages in an ant nest, emerging in the spring as an adult.

Macumba, Afro-Brazilian religion that is characterized by a marked syncretism of traditional African religions, European culture, Brazilian Spiritualism, and Roman Catholicism. Of the several Macumba sects, the most important are Candomblé and Umbanda. African elements in Macumba rituals include an

Brazilian literature: Modernismo and regionalism: Macunaíma). The constant metamorphoses that its protagonist undergoes represent not synthesis but the juxtaposition of differences between Brazil’s three major ethnic groups and among its various regions. Diminishing the boundary between high art and popular culture, Mário de Andrade studied their interrelationship in order to…

Farmers’ Alliance: …mid-1880s, under the leadership of Charles W. Macune, it was known as the National Farmers’ Alliance and Industrial Union (also called the Southern Alliance). It spread throughout the South and made inroads into the West and Midwest as well.

coin: The colonial period: …of rude mintage are called macuquinas (cob). In the 18th century, by ordinances of Philip V, the setting up of machinery for the minting of a perfectly round coinage, with milled and corded (ropelike) edge, became mandatory.

South American Indian: Tropical-forest farming villages: …Carib, the Taulipang, and the Makushí (Macushí); the Tupians of the coast of Brazil, such as the Tupinambá; and inland groups among whom were the Mundurukú, Kawaíb (Parintintín), and their neighbours.

South American Indian: Tropical-forest farming villages: …Carib, the Taulipang, and the Makushí (Macushí); the Tupians of the coast of Brazil, such as the Tupinambá; and inland groups among whom were the Mundurukú, Kawaíb (Parintintín), and their neighbours.

Macy’s, major American department store chain. Its principal outlet, the 11-story department store that occupies a city block at New York City’s Herald Square (34th Street and Broadway), was for many years physically the largest single store in the country. Since 1924 Macy’s has held an annual

Macy’s, major American department store chain. Its principal outlet, the 11-story department store that occupies a city block at New York City’s Herald Square (34th Street and Broadway), was for many years physically the largest single store in the country. Since 1924 Macy’s has held an annual

Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, beloved Thanksgiving Day tradition enjoyed by generations of Americans that draws an estimated 3.5 million attendees in person in Manhattan, New York, and tens of millions more viewers for television. The annual parade, which is sponsored by American department store

Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, beloved Thanksgiving Day tradition enjoyed by generations of Americans that draws an estimated 3.5 million attendees in person in Manhattan, New York, and tens of millions more viewers for television. The annual parade, which is sponsored by American department store

Macy’s, major American department store chain. Its principal outlet, the 11-story department store that occupies a city block at New York City’s Herald Square (34th Street and Broadway), was for many years physically the largest single store in the country. Since 1924 Macy’s has held an annual

Anne Sullivan was an American teacher of Helen Keller, widely recognized for her achievement in educating to a high level a person without sight, hearing, or normal speech. Joanna Sullivan, known throughout her life as Anne or Annie, was eight when her mother died, and two years later her father

Mad, American satirical magazine that started as a four-colour comic book in 1952 and transitioned into a black-and-white magazine in 1955. Mad quickly became one of the best-selling humour magazines in the United States and inspired numerous imitators. It is notable for its film and television

Museum of Arts & Design (MAD), museum in New York, N.Y., dedicated to the collection and exhibition of contemporary works and objects made from clay, glass, wood, metal, and fibre. It emphasizes craft, art, and design but is also concerned with the broader subjects of architecture, fashion,

mutual assured destruction, principle of deterrence founded on the notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with an overwhelming nuclear counterattack such that both the attacker and the defender would be annihilated. By the early 1950s both the Soviet Union and the West were

Norman Taurog: Musical comedies and Boys Town: Mad About Music (1938) was one of Deanna Durbin’s wildly popular comedy-musicals. She played the daughter of an actress (Gail Patrick) who does not know her father. Problems arise at her boarding school when she creates an imaginary father, and her friends demand to meet…

Noël Coward: …“Poor Little Rich Girl,” “Mad About the Boy,” and “I Went to a Marvellous Party.”

Mel Brooks: Work as producer and actor: …on the popular TV sitcom Mad About You in the late 1990s, for which he won three Emmys, and a guest stint on the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm. He won a Grammy Award for the spoken comedy album The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 (1998). In…

George Metesky was an American terrorist known for having planted at least 33 bombs throughout New York City during the 1940s and ’50s. The 16-year hunt for the Mad Bomber was solved by using one of the first applications of criminal profiling. Metesky was the son of Lithuanian immigrants. He was

al-Ḥākim was the sixth ruler of the Egyptian Shiʿi Fatimid dynasty, noted for his eccentricities and cruelty, especially his persecutions of Sunni Muslims, Christians, and Jews. He is held by adherents of the Druze religion to be a divine incarnation. Al-Ḥākim was named caliph in 996 and depended

Costa-Gavras: In 1997 Costa-Gavras directed Mad City, which starred John Travolta and Dustin Hoffman and focuses on the power of television news. Costa-Gavras cowrote and directed Amen. (2002), a war drama that centers on a German soldier who notifies leaders in the Roman Catholic Church about the killings inside Nazi…

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is caused by an infectious agent that has a long incubation period, between two and five years. Signs of the disease include behavioral changes, such as agitation and nervousness,

David Caruso: …and a Gentleman (1982), and Mad Dog and Glory (1993) before being cast in the television series NYPD Blue. Premiering in 1993, the police drama generated strident condemnations from religious leaders and other conservatives because of its unabashed use of explicit language, sexual situations, and posterior nudity. It was a…

Joe Cocker: …Cocker released the live album Mad Dogs & Englishmen. A concert film of the same name appeared in 1971, and one of the album’s songs, “The Letter,” reached the U.S. top ten. In 1975 Cocker scored another gigantic hit with “You Are So Beautiful,” cowritten by Billy Preston. That year…

Noël Coward: …more notable songs were “Mad Dogs and Englishmen,” “I’ll See You Again,” “Some Day I’ll Find You,” “Poor Little Rich Girl,” “Mad About the Boy,” and “I Went to a Marvellous Party.”

Mad Hatter, fictional character encountered by Alice at a tea party in Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

pseudorabies, viral disease mainly of cattle and swine but also affecting sheep, goats, dogs, cats, raccoons, opossums, skunks, and rodents. It is not considered to be a disease of humans. Infected swine lose their appetites and may have convulsive fits. Survivors of the initial attack scratch and

Lord Byron: Early life, family, and sexuality: …the handsome and profligate Captain John (“Mad Jack”) Byron and his second wife, Catherine Gordon, a Scots heiress. After her husband had squandered most of her fortune, Catherine Byron took her infant son to Aberdeen, Scotland, where they lived in lodgings on a meager income; the captain died in France…

Louis II was an eccentric king of Bavaria from 1864 to 1886 and an admirer and patron of the composer Richard Wagner. He brought his territories into the newly founded German Empire (1871) but concerned himself only intermittently with affairs of state, preferring a life of increasingly morbid

Charlie Barnet was an American band leader and saxophonist of the swing jazz era. Born into a wealthy family, Barnet rejected their urging that he become a corporate lawyer and instead turned to music. He led his first band at age 16, on a transatlantic liner, and eventually made 22 such crossings;

George Miller: …developed the story that became Mad Max (1979). It starred a little-known Mel Gibson as Max Rockatansky, a policeman in a postapocalyptic world who seeks vengeance after a gang murders his family. The bleak and violent film—which was made by a production company formed by Miller and Kennedy—featured spectacular stunts,…

George Miller: More success followed with Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981), which is set after World War III. The antihero Max falls in with a group of people at an oil refinery and defends them from a motorcycle gang. Miller then took a break from Mad Max to work…

George Miller: …returned to the future with Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, which he codirected. In that installment Max finds himself at odds with Aunty Entity (played by Tina Turner), the ruthless leader of Bartertown. The film received generally positive reviews, and it was popular with moviegoers. Miller then took a break from…

George Miller: …returned to the future with Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, which he codirected. In that installment Max finds himself at odds with Aunty Entity (played by Tina Turner), the ruthless leader of Bartertown. The film received generally positive reviews, and it was popular with moviegoers. Miller then took a break from…

Mad Max: Fury Road, Australian postapocalyptic science-fiction action film, released in 2015, that is considered one of the greatest action films ever made. Directed by George Miller, the film is the fourth entry in the Mad Max series, and it serves as a reboot of the franchise after a 30-year

Ten Depictions of Hell: Mad Meg (1563) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder: …master of portraying abstract proverbs, paints such a woman here. Wearing a breastplate and some kind of helmet, she strides toward the mouth of hell, depicted as—what else?—a giant mouth, in the middle ground toward the left. Confusingly, the fiery landscape of earth appears to be the actual hell. It…

Mad Men, American television drama series that aired (2007–15) on the American Movie Classics (AMC) cable network and was widely praised for its nuanced representation of social life in the 1960s and for its stylish visual flair. The show was created by Matthew Weiner, who had previously served as

Merv Hughes is an Australian cricket player who was one of the most dominant fast bowlers in international cricket during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Hughes grew up in a working-class suburb of Melbourne, where he played cricket and Australian rules football. He worked briefly in a factory

Jim Cramer: …for his investment advice show Mad Money (2005– ).

Anne Of France: …and hold regular meetings, the “Mad War” broke out between, on the one side, the crown and, on the other, the Duc d’Orléans and Francis II of Brittany, which ended in a royal victory.

hookah, apparatus used to heat and vaporize tobacco for inhalation. The word hookah is derived from the Hindustani huqqa and the Arabic huqqah, meaning “vase” or “vessel.” The practice of smoking tobacco from a hookah likely originated in India or the Middle East. Today it is used worldwide and is

Mādabā, town, west-central Jordan. It is situated on a highland plain more than 2,500 feet (760 metres) above sea level. The town lies 20 miles (32 km) south of Amman, along the King’s Highway, an ancient trade route linking Amman with Al-ʿAqabah in southern Jordan. An ancient city, Mādabā was

Mādabā: …in historical cartography for the Mādabā mosaic map, thought to be the oldest surviving map of Palestine and the neighbouring territories. The mosaic map, which formed the floor of one of the many ruined ancient churches in Mādabā, was discovered in 1884. The map dates from the 6th century ce,…

Ethiopian literature: …Debre Libanos; a History by Johannes Madabbar, bishop of Nikiu, containing an account of the Arab conquest of Egypt, valuable since the Arab original has been lost; and Fetha Negast (“Justice of the Kings”), a compilation of canon and civil law. Geʿez poetry (qene) flourished, at Gonder particularly, in the…

Imre Madách was a Hungarian poet whose reputation rests on his ambitious poetic drama Az ember tragediája (1861; The Tragedy of Man). He is often considered Hungary’s greatest philosophical poet. Madách possessed keen and varied interests; he was successively a lawyer, a public servant, and a

chameleon: In addition, the Madagascan chameleon, F. labordi, has been widely acknowledged as the vertebrate with the shortest life span. The eggs of F. labordi hatch in November, and the young chameleons grow extremely fast; they mature to adulthood just two months later. After an intense competition for mates,…

biogeographic region: Madagascan region: Madagascar is so different from the continent of Africa that it is generally given equal status as a separate region (Figure 2). Mammalian families shared with the African mainland (Paleotropical realm) include Tenrecidae (tenrecs and otter shrews) and Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses, which have recently…

Madagascar, island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo. Although located some 250 miles (400 km) from the African continent, Madagascar’s population is primarily related not to African

DreamWorks Animation: …at least one sequel included Madagascar (2005), Kung Fu Panda (2008), and How to Train Your Dragon (2010). The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005), an Aardman film distributed by DreamWorks Animation, won the Oscar for animated feature in 2006.

Chris Rock: Madagascar series (2005, 2008, and 2012), for which he provided the voice of a zebra. In 2007 he starred in I Think I Love My Wife, a remake of Eric Rohmer’s L’Amour l’après-midi (1972; Chloe in the Afternoon) that he also cowrote and directed. Two years later Rock investigated the…

Madagascar hissing cockroach, (Gromphadorhina portentosa), large species of cockroach known for its ability to make hissing sounds. The insect is one of the largest of all cockroach species (the largest being the South American Megaloblatta longipennis) and is endemic to Madagascar. Like most other

Stephanotis: …member of the genus, the Madagascar jasmine (Marsdenia floribunda), waxflower, or floradora, is a popular greenhouse plant. This woody, twining vine is native to Madagascar. It has leathery, oval leaves that grow up to 10 cm (4 inches) long and clusters of waxy, white flowers that grow to 5 cm…

hawk moth: …exclusively pollinates the Madagascar orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale. The proboscis of this hawk moth is long enough to reach the nectar receptacle of the orchid, which is between 20 and 35 cm (8 and 14 inches) in length.

malformation: Alteration of floral parts: In the Madagascar periwinkle (Vinca rosea), however, viruses of this type bring about a green colouring in the petals, stamens, and styles; normally the petals are pink and the stamens and styles whitish. There is in this instance a retrograde development of floral parts into foliage leaves.…

Wannsee Conference: …Jews to the island of Madagascar, off of Africa, was abandoned as impractical in wartime. Instead, the newly planned final solution would entail rounding up all Jews throughout Europe, transporting them eastward, and organizing them into labour gangs. The work and living conditions would be sufficiently hard as to fell…

hawk moth: …exclusively pollinates the Madagascar orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale. The proboscis of this hawk moth is long enough to reach the nectar receptacle of the orchid, which is between 20 and 35 cm (8 and 14 inches) in length.

anseriform: General features: nene (Branta sandvicensis), and the Madagascar white-eye (Aythya innotata). Extinction has taken at least six species within the last century, with another three likely extinct, having not been seen for a number of years. The Hawaiian goose was once down to fewer than 50 birds, the Laysan race of the…

Possibly based on traditions in Indonesia, the original home of the Malagasy, the predominant flag colours of Madagascar have always been white and red. In the mid-17th century, for example, those colours were chosen by the Sakalava dynasty when it came to power. They named their country the

history of Madagascar, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Madagascar, an island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa in the southwestern Indian Ocean, separated from the African coast by the Mozambique Channel. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the

Madagascar, island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo. Although located some 250 miles (400 km) from the African continent, Madagascar’s population is primarily related not to African

Madagascar, island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo. Although located some 250 miles (400 km) from the African continent, Madagascar’s population is primarily related not to African

Antananarivo: The University of Madagascar was founded there in 1961. Industries include tobacco and food processing and the manufacture of leather goods and clothing. Air transport is widely used, and the international airport at Ivato is 11 miles (17 km) north of the city. A railway connects…

Chris Rock: …the animated Madagascar series (2005, 2008, and 2012), for which he provided the voice of a zebra. In 2007 he starred in I Think I Love My Wife, a remake of Eric Rohmer’s L’Amour l’après-midi (1972; Chloe in the Afternoon) that he also cowrote and directed. Two years later Rock…

anseriform: General features: nene (Branta sandvicensis), and the Madagascar white-eye (Aythya innotata). Extinction has taken at least six species within the last century, with another three likely extinct, having not been seen for a number of years. The Hawaiian goose was once down to fewer than 50 birds, the Laysan race of the…

Madagascar, island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo. Although located some 250 miles (400 km) from the African continent, Madagascar’s population is primarily related not to African

Madagascar, island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo. Although located some 250 miles (400 km) from the African continent, Madagascar’s population is primarily related not to African

South Asian arts: Oriya: Mādaḷā-pāñji (“The Drum Chronicle”) texts in Oriya, the chronicles of the great temple of Jagannātha in Puri, date from the 12th century. They are in prose, and as such they represent the earliest prose in a regional Indo-Aryan language, although they cannot be said to…

Uzbekistan: The early Uzbeks: …ʿUmar Khan (reigned 1809–22) and Muḥammad ʿAlī Khan (also known as Madali Khan; reigned 1822–42) gave the Uzbek Ming dynasty and the Kokand khanate a reputation for high culture that joined with an expansionist foreign policy. At its height the khanate dominated many nearby Kazakh and Kyrgyz tribes and resisted…