Why is the term intersex used for humans with variations in reproductive anatomy or sex development?

In biology, the term intersex is used to describe individuals who possess physical characteristics that are intermediate between a typical male and a typical female. In humans, this term specifically refers to conditions involving discrepancies between external genitalia and internal reproductive organs, or variations in sex development.12

These conditions often arise from complex biological processes during embryological development, such as chromosomal variations or hormonal abnormalities. Because human sexual differentiation involves a precise sequence of genetic and hormonal signals to develop male or female organs from neutral embryonic structures, any disruption in this process—such as issues with steroid hormone synthesis or receptor function—can lead to atypical development.13

While these conditions are sometimes referred to as disorders of sexual development (DSDs), the term intersex is used to encompass the range of these anatomical and physiological variations. It is ethically imperative to recognize that because medical interventions like surgery can have significant long-term consequences, modern clinical practice increasingly prioritizes patient consent and autonomy, often delaying procedures until individuals can make informed decisions about their own bodies and gender identity.2