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Why is semen examination important when evaluating male infertility?

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Diagram showing the female reproductive system with labeled ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, alongside hormone pathways and the process from ovulation to fertilization and early embryo development. — infertility Major structures and hormones involved in the initiation of pregnancy. Also seen, at right, is the development of an egg cell (ovum) from follicle to embryo.

A semen analysis is a critical diagnostic tool for evaluating male infertility because it provides essential data regarding the quality and quantity of sperm produced. By examining a sample of seminal fluid, physicians can assess several key factors that influence reproductive success:12

Sperm Count and Concentration: The test determines the total number of sperm in the ejaculate and the concentration per cubic centimetre. Values below 20 million per millilitre are often considered low, a condition known as oligospermia, while the complete absence of sperm is termed azoospermia.12
Motility: This measures the ability of sperm to move effectively, which is vital for reaching and fertilizing an egg.12
Morphology: The examination evaluates the shape and structure of the sperm, as a high percentage of abnormal forms can impair fertility.12
Fluid Characteristics: The analysis also checks the volume and pH (alkalinity or acidity) of the semen, which are necessary for maintaining sperm viability.1

Identifying these abnormalities helps clinicians pinpoint potential causes of infertility, such as testicular dysfunction or obstructions.12