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Why have the United Nations and the World Health Organization called for an end to female genital cutting?

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Body modifications and mutilations Peruvian elongated skulls, trephined male (left) and intact female (right), c. 1000 bc.

The United Nations and the World Health Organization have campaigned for an end to female genital cutting (FGC) because they classify it as a fundamental human rights issue and a harmful, unnecessary procedure. These organizations advocate for the protection of all girls and women from the physical and psychological harm associated with the practice.1

The medical community and international bodies oppose FGC due to the severe health risks involved, which include:

Immediate complications: Debilitating pain, severe bleeding, infection, tetanus, and death.12
Long-term consequences: Chronic scarring, urinary and menstrual problems, painful sexual intercourse, and life-threatening complications during childbirth for both mother and child.12
Psychological impact: Anxiety, depression, and self-esteem issues.1

Because these procedures are frequently performed in nonmedical settings without anesthesia or hygienic conditions, they pose a significant threat to the health and bodily integrity of those subjected to them. Consequently, the UN and WHO emphasize that the practice is a violation of human rights that must be eradicated to ensure the safety and well-being of women and girls globally.12