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Why has type 2 diabetes mellitus become more common in children and adolescents?

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An anatomical illustration of the human pancreas shows its location near the stomach and intestines, a detailed cross-section highlighting ducts and the islet of Langerhans, and an inset of pancreatic tissue histology with labeled alpha, beta, and delta cells. — diabetes mellitus The islets of Langerhans are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas. Each islet contains beta, alpha, delta, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells that are responsible for the secretion of pancreatic hormones. Beta cells secrete insulin, a well-characterized hormone that plays an important role in regulating glucose metabolism.

While type 2 diabetes was historically referred to as "adult-onset" diabetes, it is important to clarify that this classification is no longer accurate, as the condition can occur at any age, including in children and adolescents.1

The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in younger populations is primarily driven by its strong association with obesity. This condition is characterized by insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, where the body becomes less effective at using insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.12

While there is a significant genetic component to type 2 diabetes—making individuals with a family history more susceptible—the global increase in cases is closely linked to lifestyle factors that contribute to obesity. Because obesity is a major risk factor for developing insulin resistance, the increasing rates of childhood and adolescent obesity have directly contributed to the higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in these age groups.12