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Why does the pancreas function as both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?
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Endocrine system
The glands of the human endocrine system.
The pancreas functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland because it contains distinct tissue types specialized for different physiological roles.1
- Exocrine Function: The majority of the pancreas consists of acinar tissue. These acinar cells produce digestive enzyme precursors, which are secreted into a system of ducts that empty into the small intestine to aid in digestion.1
- Endocrine Function: Scattered throughout the pancreas are islets of Langerhans, which are clusters of endocrine tissue. These cells are ductless and release hormones—most notably insulin and glucagon—directly into the bloodstream to regulate carbohydrate metabolism.21
By housing these two separate functional systems within one organ, the pancreas is able to simultaneously support the chemical breakdown of food and the systemic regulation of blood glucose levels.21