Why are noble gases difficult to condense into liquids?
Noble gases are difficult to condense into liquids because they are held together only by extremely weak intermolecular attractions known as van der Waals forces, specifically London forces (or dispersion forces).1
Because noble gas atoms have stable electronic structures, they do not form strong chemical bonds with one another. Instead, these attractive forces arise solely from the random, instantaneous fluctuations of electrons within the atoms. These fluctuations create temporary, time-varying dipoles that induce corresponding polarization in adjacent atoms, resulting in a very weak net attraction.231
Because these forces are significantly weaker than the ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds found in other substances, very little energy is required to overcome them. Consequently, noble gases possess exceptionally low boiling points and melting points, requiring extremely low temperatures to transition into the liquid state.1425