Why are limestone and dolomite common rocks for solution caves?

Limestone and dolomite are the most common rocks for solution caves because their primary mineral components—calcite (in limestone) and the mineral dolomite (in dolomite rock)—are soluble in weak acids.1

The process begins when rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and soil, forming a dilute solution of carbonic acid. As this acidic groundwater percolates through fractures and joints in the bedrock, it chemically dissolves the carbonate minerals. This dissolution gradually enlarges these openings into sizable passages, creating what are known as solution caves.12

Because this chemical action occurs deep within the bedrock, these caves can form without surface entrances, often developing in karst landscapes where surface water is diverted underground. While other rocks like gypsum and halite are even more soluble, limestone and dolomite are widespread in the geologic record, making them the most frequent hosts for these cave systems.13