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Why are granulomas also found in some fungal infections and schistosomiasis?

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Pathways of complement activation — inflammation The main function of complement proteins is to aid in the destruction of pathogens by piercing their outer membranes (cell lysis) or by making them more attractive to phagocytic cells such as macrophages (a process known as opsonization). Some complement components also promote inflammation by stimulating cells to release histamine and by attracting phagocytic cells to the site of infection.

Granulomas form in response to fungal infections and schistosomiasis because these conditions involve infectious organisms that are capable of resisting host defenses and persisting within tissues for extended periods.1

When the body cannot eliminate an inflammatory agent—such as certain fungi or parasites—the immune system initiates chronic inflammation as an independent or persistent response. Granulomatous inflammation is a specialized form of this process designed to wall off the invader. The body recruits macrophages and lymphocytes to the site, where the macrophages transform into epithelioid cells. These cells aggregate to form granulomas, effectively sequestering the persistent pathogens that the immune system has failed to destroy through standard phagocytosis.1