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Why are PFAS exposures a concern for human health?

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A labeled diagram of the periodic table entry for fluorine, showing its atomic number 9, symbol F, atomic weight 18.998, electron configuration, and indicating it is a halogen and a gas at room temperature. — fluorine Properties of fluorine.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemical compounds containing fluorine atoms that are widely used for their water, stain, and heat-resistant properties. They are often called "forever chemicals" because they are highly resistant to environmental degradation, allowing them to accumulate in soil, water, and the bodies of humans and animals.123

PFAS exposure is a significant health concern because these substances are ubiquitous and can remain in the human body for long periods. Exposure is associated with a range of serious health conditions, including:12

Cancer: Increased risk of certain types, such as kidney, prostate, and lymphoma.2
Endocrine and Immune Issues: Hormone disruption, thyroid disease, and immune dysfunction.2
Reproductive and Developmental Risks: Reduced fertility, preeclampsia, and low birth weight.2
Developmental Impacts: Potential risks to the physical and neurological development of children.2

Because these chemicals are difficult to remove from drinking water and are present in many consumer products, widespread exposure remains a critical public health challenge.2