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Which symptoms can occur during a major depressive episode?

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Advances in psychiatric research and treatment discussed — mental disorder A discussion of the advances made in psychiatric research and treatment.

A major depressive episode is characterized by a persistent state of low mood, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities. These episodes typically last for two or more weeks and can manifest through a variety of psychological and physical symptoms.123

Common symptoms include:

Mood and Cognitive Changes: Persistent sadness, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness, and indecisiveness.312
Physical and Behavioral Changes:
- Sleep disturbances: Insomnia or hypersomnia.14
- Appetite and Weight: Unusual changes in appetite or weight.312
- Energy levels: Fatigue, lethargy, or restlessness.312
- Motor activity: Increased or decreased motor activity.31
Severe Symptoms: Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.312

Symptoms can vary significantly based on age and gender; for instance, children may exhibit irritability or clinginess, while men may experience increased anger or substance use. It is essential to recognize that these symptoms are indicative of a serious medical condition that requires professional support and treatment.1