Which structures protect the spinal cord inside the vertebral column?

The spinal cord is protected within the vertebral column by a combination of bony, membranous, and fluid structures.12

Bony Protection

The spinal cord passes through the spinal canal (or vertebral canal), which is formed by the vertebrae. The front of the cord is shielded by the heavy bodies (centrums) of the vertebrae and the intervertebral disks, while the sides and back are enclosed by the neural arches of each vertebra. Between these arches, elastic connective tissue known as the ligamenta flava provides additional coverage.23

Soft Tissue and Fluid Protection

Within the bony canal, the spinal cord is further protected by:
* Meninges: Three membranous envelopes—the pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater—surround and support the cord.4
* Cerebrospinal fluid: This liquid fills the space surrounding the cord, acting as a mechanical barrier and cushion against shock.54
* Connective tissue and fat: These substances occupy the space between the nervous tissue and the bony walls of the canal.2