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Which present-day continents were once part of Gondwana?

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Watch Earth's Continents Move — paleogeography Watch a time-lapse of Earth changing through geologic time, from the Cambrian Era to the projected period of Pangea Proxima.

In the field of paleogeography, Gondwana was an ancient supercontinent that served as the southern half of the larger supercontinent Pangea. It was composed of several landmasses that are now separate continents or regions.

The present-day landmasses that were once part of Gondwana include:

South America
Africa
Arabia
Madagascar
India
Australia
Antarctica

Fully assembled by the Late Precambrian, Gondwana began its fragmentation during the Jurassic Period, approximately 180 million years ago. The separation occurred in stages, eventually leading to the current distribution of these continents across the globe as explained by the theory of plate tectonics.12