Which parts of a synovial joint can be damaged by joint disease?

Joint disease can cause progressive deterioration of the entire synovial joint. The specific structures that may be damaged include:

• Articular cartilage: This tissue often becomes softened, roughened, and eventually wears away, leaving the underlying bone unprotected.1
• Subchondral bone: The bone beneath the cartilage may undergo changes, such as increased density or uneven remodeling, and can develop bony outgrowths known as spurs.1
• Synovium: The joint lining, or synovial tissue, can be affected by disease processes.1
• Ligaments: These connective tissues, which help stabilize the joint, are also susceptible to damage.1
• Synovial fluid: The volume or quality of this lubricant and shock absorber can be reduced, hindering its ability to nourish cartilage and facilitate smooth joint movement.12

Damage to these components often results in pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion.1