Which organs remove metabolic wastes from human blood?

In humans, several organs work to remove metabolic waste products from the blood to maintain internal stability:

• Kidneys: These are the primary organs for filtering the blood. They remove nitrogenous wastes such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as excess water, salts, and various drugs or toxins. They are essential for regulating the electrolyte composition and pH balance of the blood.123
• Lungs: These organs are responsible for the excretion of gaseous metabolic waste, specifically carbon dioxide, which diffuses from the blood into the lungs to be exhaled.14
• Liver: This organ acts as an excretory site by removing substances like bilirubin—a pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin—and certain drugs from the plasma, subsequently excreting them into the gastrointestinal tract via bile.1

Additionally, small amounts of water and dissolved substances are lost from the blood through evaporation from the skin and lungs, as well as through the gastrointestinal tract.1